{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:40:08Z","timestamp":1788482408088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["MCB-1417726, MCB-1919455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-1417726, MCB-1919455"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The regulation of biofilm and motile states as alternate bacterial lifestyles has been studied extensively in flagellated bacteria, where the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (cdG) plays a crucial role. However, much less is known about the mechanisms of such regulation in motile bacteria without flagella. The bacterial type IV pilus (T4P) serves as a motility apparatus that enables\n            <jats:italic>Myxococcus xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            to move on solid surfaces. PilB, the T4P assembly ATPase, is, therefore, required for T4P-dependent motility in\n            <jats:italic>M. xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            . Interestingly, T4P is also involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide as the biofilm matrix material in this bacterium. A newly discovered cdG-binding domain, MshE\n            <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n            , is conserved in the N-terminus of PilB (PilB\n            <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n            ) in\n            <jats:italic>M. xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            and other bacteria. This suggests that cdG may bind to PilB to control the respective outputs that regulate biofilm development and T4P-powered motility. In this study, we aimed to validate\n            <jats:italic>M. xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            PilB as a cdG effector protein. We performed a systematic mutational analysis of its cdG-binding domain to investigate its relationship with motility, piliation, and biofilm formation. Excluding those resulting in low levels of PilB protein, all other substitution mutations in PilB\n            <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n            resulted in\n            <jats:italic>pilB<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants with distinct and differential phenotypes in piliation and biofilm levels in\n            <jats:italic>M. xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            . This suggests that the PilB\n            <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n            domain plays dual roles in modulating motility and biofilm levels, and these two functions of PilB can be dependent on and independent of each other in\n            <jats:italic>M. xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The regulation of motility and biofilm by cyclic-di-GMP in flagellated bacteria has been extensively investigated. However, our knowledge regarding this regulation in motile bacteria without flagella remains limited. Here, we aimed to address this gap by investigating a non-flagellated bacterium with motility powered by bacterial type-IV pilus (T4P). Previous studies hinted at the possibility of\n              <jats:italic>Myxococcus xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n              PilB, the T4P assembly ATPase, serving as a cyclic-di-GMP effector involved in regulating both motility and biofilm. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that PilB directly interacts with cyclic-di-GMP to act as a potential switch to promote biofilm formation or T4P-dependent motility. These results shed light on the bifurcation of PilB functions and its pivotal role in coordinating biofilm formation and T4P-mediated motility.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00221-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T19:06:49Z","timestamp":1694459209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Myxococcus xanthus<\/i>\n            PilB interacts with c-di-GMP and modulates motility and biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Keane J.","family":"Dye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safoura","family":"Salar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uvina","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wraylyn","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-6793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhaomin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05310.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9070279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419609106456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02262.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2011.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120302519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.711507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqad015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00043-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07179.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716231114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.1-4.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0174-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35024105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121171698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00626-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21775\/9781910190616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1770"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.3.621-641.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05230.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.4.1001-1008.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00335-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02035-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.894562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07594-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00281-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08015.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00126-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20190809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.1791550.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0836639100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.20.5793-5798.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00129-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03877-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.6.2105-2112.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6410-6418.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00034-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15331-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01793-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(78)90431-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20180167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","unstructured":"Schrodinger LLC\n. 2015. The PyMOL molecular graphics system version 1.8. https:\/\/pymol.org\/2\/support.html#page-top."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.00221-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.00221-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1695733327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jb.00221-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Galperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jb.00221-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00221-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00221-23"}}