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This is facilitated, in part, by the\n            <jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic>\n            locus, a complex system consisting of the\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            expression site and an adjacent set of 11 to 15 silent\n            <jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic>\n            cassettes. Segments of nonexpressed cassettes recombine with the\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            region during infection of mammalian hosts, resulting in combinatorial antigenic variation of the VlsE outer surface protein. We now demonstrate that synthesis of VlsE is regulated during the natural mammal-tick infectious cycle, being activated in mammals but repressed during tick colonization. Examination of cultured\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            cells indicated that the spirochete controls\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            transcription levels in response to environmental cues. Analysis of P\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            ::\n            <jats:italic>gfp<\/jats:italic>\n            fusions in\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            indicated that VlsE production is controlled at the level of transcriptional initiation, and regions of 5\u2032 DNA involved in the regulation were identified. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays detected qualitative and quantitative changes in patterns of protein-DNA complexes formed between the\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter and cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting the involvement of DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of\n            <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n            , with at least one protein acting as a transcriptional activator.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00229-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,20]],"date-time":"2006-06-20T23:15:17Z","timestamp":1150845317000},"page":"4879-4889","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Transcriptional Regulation of the\n            <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n            Antigenically Variable VlsE Surface Protein"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bykowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Babb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"von Lackum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225-0708"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.9.2745-2756.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.3079-3087.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.001103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"521","volume":"57","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour, A. 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