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VpsR, which directly senses the second messenger c-di-GMP, is a major regulator of this process. Together with c-di-GMP, VpsR directly activates transcription by RNA polymerase containing \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>70<\/jats:sup>\n                    from the\n                    <jats:italic>vpsL<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm biogenesis promoter. Using biochemical methods, we demonstrate for the first time that VpsR\/c-di-GMP directly activates \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>70<\/jats:sup>\n                    -RNA polymerase at the first genes of the\n                    <jats:italic>vps<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ribomatrix operons. In this regard, it functions as either a class I or class II activator. Our results broaden the mechanism of c-di-GMP-dependent transcription activation and the specific role of VpsR in biofilm formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00234-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T09:24:31Z","timestamp":1594200271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["VpsR Directly Activates Transcription of Multiple Biofilm Genes in Vibrio cholerae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Meng-Lun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 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