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Here, we demonstrate that GSH is also involved in chromate, Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) homeostasis and resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . While the loss of the ability to synthesize GSH influenced metal tolerance in wild-type cells only slightly, GSH was important for residual metal resistance in cells without metal efflux systems. In mutant cells without the P-type ATPase ZntA, the additional deletion of the GSH biosynthesis system led to a strong decrease in resistance to Cd(II) and Zn(II). Likewise, in mutant cells without the P-type ATPase CopA, the removal of GSH led to a strong decrease of Cu(II) resistance. The precursor of GSH, \u03b3-glutamylcysteine (\u03b3EC), was not able to compensate for a lack of GSH. On the contrary, \u03b3EC-containing cells were less copper and cadmium tolerant than cells that contained neither \u03b3EC nor GSH. Thus, GSH may play an important role in trace-element metabolism not only in higher organisms but also in bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00271-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T20:55:33Z","timestamp":1212785733000},"page":"5431-5438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Glutathione and Transition-Metal Homeostasis in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Helbig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Bleuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry\/Biotechnology, Life Science Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06099 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd J.","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry\/Biotechnology, Life Science Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06099 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietrich H.","family":"Nies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(75)90205-6","volume":"399","year":"1975","unstructured":"Apontoweil, P., and W. 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