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This hypothesis was tested by using<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>for a global transcriptome analysis of cells synthesizing glutathione (GSH; wild type), \u03b3-glutamylcysteine (\u0394<jats:italic>gshB<\/jats:italic>mutant), or neither of the two cellular thiols (\u0394<jats:italic>gshA<\/jats:italic>mutant). The resulting data, some of which were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, were sorted using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) orthology system, which groups genes hierarchically with respect to the cellular functions of their respective products. The main difference among the three strains concerned tryptophan biosynthesis, which was up-regulated in wild-type cells upon cadmium shock and strongly up-regulated in \u0394<jats:italic>gshA<\/jats:italic>cells but repressed in \u0394<jats:italic>gshB<\/jats:italic>cells containing \u03b3-glutamylcysteine instead of GSH. Overall, however, all three<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains responded to cadmium shock similarly, with the up-regulation of genes involved in protein, disulfide bond, and oxidative damage repair; cysteine and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis; the production of proteins containing sensitive iron-sulfur clusters; the storage of iron; and the detoxification of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>by efflux. General energy conservation pathways and iron uptake were down-regulated. These findings indicated that the toxic action of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>indeed results from the binding of the metal cation to sulfur, lending support to the hypothesis tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00272-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,7]],"date-time":"2008-06-07T00:55:33Z","timestamp":1212800133000},"page":"5439-5454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Cadmium Toxicity in Glutathione Mutants of<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Helbig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology, Life Science Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06099 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Grosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology, Life Science Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06099 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietrich H.","family":"Nies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology, Life Science Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06099 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.21.6938-6947.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2005.01.002","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aravind, P., M. 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