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These isolates differed significantly from classic<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>by the following criteria: motility, resistance to the gamma phage, and, for isolates from Cameroon, resistance to penicillin G. A capsule was expressed not only after induction by CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and bicarbonate but also under normal growth conditions. Subcultivation resulted in beta-hemolytic activity and gamma phage susceptibility in some subclones, suggesting differences in gene regulation compared to classic<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. The isolates from Co\u0302te d'Ivoire and Cameroon showed slight differences in their biochemical characteristics and MICs of different antibiotics but were identical in all molecular features and sequences analyzed. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the presence of both the toxin and the capsule plasmid, with sizes corresponding to the<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2. Protective antigen was expressed and secreted into the culture supernatant. The isolates possessed variants of the Ba813 marker and the SG-749 fragment differing from that of classic<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>strains. Multilocus sequence typing revealed a close relationship of our atypical isolates with both classic<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>strains and two uncommonly virulent<jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>isolates. We propose that the newly discovered atypical<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>strains share a common ancestor with classic<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>or that they emerged recently by transfer of the<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>plasmids to a strain of the<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00303-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T22:43:47Z","timestamp":1153349027000},"page":"5333-5344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Characterization of<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>-Like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Co\u0302te d'Ivoire and Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Silke R.","family":"Klee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhsin","family":"O\u0308zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Boesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Ellerbrok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian H.","family":"Leendertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Great Ape Health Monitoring Unit, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Grunow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Nattermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01419.x","volume":"32","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agaisse, H., M. 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