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One of the features that occurs during neisserial host colonization is biofilm formation. In other bacteria, biofilm formation enables persistence as well as evasion of the host immune system. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) forms a major component of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms and contributes to initial steps in their formation, as well as the structure and stability of the biofilm extracellular matrix. Here, we review the potential roles and sources of eDNA in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms and its relevance to both pathogenic and commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. We also highlight the paucity in research on biofilm formation by commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      and hope this will stimulate further research on the role of eDNA in nonpathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00314-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T14:06:06Z","timestamp":1786025166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of extracellular DNA in\n                    <i>Neisseria<\/i>\n                    biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Jolyn","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013fsnh78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Science, University of Waikato","place":["Hamilton, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-1071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adele","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013fsnh78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Science, University of Waikato","place":["Hamilton, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01945-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04964.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120213-092007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01062-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.577762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.474-479.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02148705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.19.1.63-67.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-4453(98)93090-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-60-1-67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2022.101758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.17.1.71-77.1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"Neisseria mucosa (Diplococcus mucosus Lingelsheim). 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