{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:46:12Z","timestamp":1791902772361,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research, Development and Transformation Program of Qinghai Province","award":["2024-SF-124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-SF-124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The genus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      includes three human pathogens\u2014\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014where biofilm formation plays distinct roles in transmission and environmental persistence. All three species share the core biofilm machinery\u2014the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hmsHFRS<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon, encoding enzymes for poly-\u03b2-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) exopolysaccharide production, and the c-di-GMP signaling controlling this production\u2014but their regulatory networks and biofilm outputs differ. Transcriptional control of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hms<\/jats:italic>\n                      involves an integrated network that includes the Rcs phosphorelay (reshaped by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                      pseudogenization), PhoP\/PhoQ, EnvZ\/OmpR, BarA\/UvrY, Fur\/Zur, CRP-cAMP, RovM\/RovA, and multiple sigma factors. Post-transcriptionally, the Hfq-sRNA and CsrA-CsrB\/CsrC systems modulate gene expression; the latter is directly validated in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas its role in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      is inferred from genomic conservation. At the translational and enzymatic levels, polyamines sustain Hms protein production, while redox signals govern the HmsC-HmsD disulfide switch, controlling diguanylate cyclase activity. This multi-layer architecture ensures that biofilm output is tuned to species-specific ecological niches. In host adaptation,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      transitioned from a foodborne enteric pathogen to a flea-borne lifestyle through key genetic events\u2014acquisition of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ymt<\/jats:italic>\n                      , pseudogenization of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , inactivation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">y2909<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">y3389,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ureD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014which are not shared with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , thereby explaining their different biofilm-dependent transmission strategies. Studies in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      have identified host O-glycosylation modifications as receptors for biofilm attachment. This review summarizes progress on the molecular mechanisms, regulatory networks, and host-adaptive functions of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm formation and proposes future research directions to address knowledge gaps. Future priorities include the identification of c-di-GMP effectors, flea-specific signals, 3D biofilm imaging, and CRISPR-based detection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00418-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:50:50Z","timestamp":1791899450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks governing\n                    <i>Yersinia<\/i>\n                    biofilm formation and host adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022nyzy72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, 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