{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:46:19Z","timestamp":1791902779024,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000883","name":"Brown Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001325","name":"San Antonio Area Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012394","name":"Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera. Previous studies identified \u201chyperswarming\u201d (HS) mutant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      with enhanced motility and decreased virulence factor expression, but the genetic basis of HS was unknown. Through whole-genome sequencing, we have identified point mutations within\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">toxT<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which encodes the master virulence regulator, as being responsible for the HS phenotype. These mutations are loss of function, and they eliminate transcription of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated pilus genes. Using single-cell video tracking, these HS strains were also observed to exhibit enhanced motility\/chemotaxis (increased speed and decreased directional change). Two methyl-accepting chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins), AcfB and TcpI, are positively regulated by ToxT, and expression of both AcfB and TcpI within HS mutants restores wild-type motility. Moreover, a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain with a hyperactive ToxT (N106A) exhibits reduced motility (decreased speed and increased directional change), and knocking out\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acfB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcpI<\/jats:italic>\n                      in this strain restores wild-type motility. AcfB and TcpI localize to the bacterial cell poles, suggesting they incorporate into the chemotaxis arrays to modulate swimming behavior. Our findings demonstrate that the absence of the ToxT-dependent MCPs AcfB and TcpI is responsible for the HS phenotype, demonstrating a direct role of ToxT in the swimming behavior of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                        causes the human diarrheal disease cholera, and the master virulence regulator ToxT is responsible for the expression of the most important virulence factors, cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus, necessary for disease. Motility is also important for the bacteria to cause disease, and in this study, we provide evidence that ToxT also modulates motility, providing a regulatory link between motility and the other virulence factors required for the pathogenic lifestyle of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                        .\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00425-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:31Z","timestamp":1791899491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The virulence regulator ToxT influences\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    motility through the expression of the methyl-accepting chemoreceptors AcfB and TcpI"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7076-3625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Candanosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Cole","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venus","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Eppinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2007-1407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl E.","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kd65564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.supplement.s105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.9.2833"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-291x(88)80376-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.130.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.21.6974-6980.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.11.2822-2829.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01835.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.34.1.215-221.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2727-2736.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.1126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00626-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02847-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00398-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2246-2255.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.01.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.258780"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.15.4104-4113.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.9.2298-2305.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00541-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.2191585.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115719109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.2061811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315722111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00793-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308052101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14520"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14372-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15226\/sojmid\/3\/3\/00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16548"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111581598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00039-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01419-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003800"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.5.1508-1514.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00060-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(89)90359-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","volume-title":"A short course in bacterial genetics","author":"Miller JH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller JH. 1992. A short course in bacterial genetics. 2 ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02601701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2530860123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021166117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75593-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa434"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.00425-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.00425-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:32Z","timestamp":1791899492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jb.00425-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jb.00425-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00425-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00425-26"}}