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The main risk factor for mTSS is prolonged use of intravaginal products, which facilitates\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth and TSST-1 production in menstrual blood. However, some studies suggest that the vaginal microbiota may also play a role in mTSS occurrence. A previous study reported that the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in menstrual fluids was correlated with the simultaneous presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, particularly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Here, we assessed the potential involvement of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the stimulation of TSST-1 production by incubating\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture supernatants and measuring TSST-1 production. We found that the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      depleted the available glucose, thereby alleviating the CcpA-mediated repression of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tst<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, which encodes TSST-1, and enabling activation of its expression by SaeRS activity. These results highlight the importance of vaginal microbiota and nutrient availability with regard to the regulation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence in the context of mTSS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a life-threatening disease caused by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)-producing strains of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        . While tampons are a known risk factor, the vaginal microbiota may also increase mTSS risk. Our findings reveal that the yeast\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        , a frequent colonizer of the vaginal mucosa, stimulates TSST-1 production of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        by depleting glucose, a key regulator of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tst<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene expression. This study highlights how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        , which is part of the vaginal microbiota, can amplify\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        virulence through metabolic interactions. These findings may also carry clinical implications by identifying vaginal colonization with\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        as a potential biomarker for heightened mTSS susceptibility, specifically in individuals harboring TSST-1-producing strains of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        .\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00427-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:00:11Z","timestamp":1770300011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    promotes TSST-1 production by\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    through glucose depletion and relief 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