{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1791948841228,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Obligate intracellular bacteria comprising the order\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            lack the ability to synthesize nucleotides\n            <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n            and must acquire these essential compounds from the cytosol of the host cell. The environmental protozoan endosymbiont\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Protochlamydia amoebophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            UWE25 encodes five nucleotide transporters with specificities for different nucleotide substrates, including ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, and NAD. In contrast, the human pathogen\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            encodes only two nucleotide transporters, the ATP\/ADP translocase\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            Npt1 (Npt1\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and the nucleotide uniporter Npt2\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            , which transports GTP, UTP, CTP, and ATP. The notable absence of a NAD transporter, coupled with the lack of alternative nucleotide transporters on the basis of bioinformatic analysis of multiple\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            genomes, led us to re-evaluate the previously characterized transport properties of Npt1\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            . Using [adenylate-\n            <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n            P]NAD, we demonstrate that Npt1\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            expressed in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            enables the transport of NAD with an apparent\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            of 1.7 \u03bcM and 5.8 nM mg\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            h\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            , respectively. The\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            for NAD transport is comparable to the\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            for ATP transport of 2.2 \u03bcM, as evaluated in this study. Efflux and substrate competition assays demonstrate that NAD is a preferred substrate of Npt1\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            compared to ATP. These results suggest that during reductive evolution, the pathogenic chlamydiae lost individual nucleotide transporters, in contrast to their environmental endosymbiont relatives, without compromising their ability to obtain nucleotides from the host cytosol through relaxation of transport specificity. The novel properties of Npt1\n            <jats:sub>Ct<\/jats:sub>\n            and its conservation in chlamydiae make it a potential target for the development of antimicrobial compounds and a model for studying the evolution of transport specificity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00433-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,25]],"date-time":"2013-05-25T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1369460645000},"page":"3381-3386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Chlamydia trachomatis Transports NAD via the Npt1 ATP\/ADP Translocase"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo E.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Maurelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj036","article-title":"The \u201cdomino theory\u201d of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens","volume":"23","author":"Dagan T","year":"2006","unstructured":"DaganT BlekhmanR GraurD . 2006. The \u201cdomino theory\u201d of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 310\u2013 316.","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2012.01794.x","article-title":"Lipid acquisition by intracellular chlamydiae","volume":"14","author":"Elwell CA","year":"2012","unstructured":"ElwellCA EngelJN . 2012. Lipid acquisition by intracellular chlamydiae. Cell. Microbiol. 14: 1010\u2013 1018.","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05193.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00371-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00391-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.4.1196-1202.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01279-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1998.2520353.x","article-title":"Occurrence of two plastidic ATP\/ADP transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana L.\u2014molecular characterisation and comparative structural analysis of similar ATP\/ADP translocators from plastids and Rickettsia prowazekii","volume":"252","author":"M\u00f6hlmann T","year":"1998","unstructured":"M\u00f6hlmannT TjadenJ SchwoppeC WinklerHH KampfenkelK NeuhausHE . 1998. Occurrence of two plastidic ATP\/ADP transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana L.\u2014molecular characterisation and comparative structural analysis of similar ATP\/ADP translocators from plastids and Rickettsia prowazekii. Eur. J. Biochem. 252: 353\u2013 359.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall T","year":"1999","unstructured":"HallT . 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41:95\u2013 98.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.150.2.662-670.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00051-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01240-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.3.683-691.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9630","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.16.9630","article-title":"Expression of a plastidic ATP\/ADP transporter gene in Escherichia coli leads to a functional adenine nucleotide transport system in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane","volume":"273","author":"Tjaden J","year":"1998","unstructured":"TjadenJ SchwoppeC M\u00f6hlmannT QuickPW NeuhausHE . 1998. Expression of a plastidic ATP\/ADP transporter gene in Escherichia coli leads to a functional adenine nucleotide transport system in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 9630\u2013 9636.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31249","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.041830","article-title":"Molecular identification and functional characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial and chloroplastic NAD+ carrier proteins","volume":"284","author":"Palmieri F","year":"2009","unstructured":"PalmieriF RiederB VentrellaA BlancoE DoPT Nunes-NesiA TrauthAU FiermonteG TjadenJ AgrimiG KirchbergerS ParadiesE FernieAR NeuhausHE . 2009. Molecular identification and functional characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial and chloroplastic NAD+ carrier proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 31249\u2013 31259.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510425200","article-title":"Identification of the mitochondrial NAD+ transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"281","author":"Todisco S","year":"2006","unstructured":"TodiscoS AgrimiG CastegnaA PalmieriF . 2006. Identification of the mitochondrial NAD+ transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 1524\u2013 1531.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0612-3","article-title":"Adenine nucleotide transporters in organelles: novel genes and functions","volume":"68","author":"Traba J","year":"2011","unstructured":"TrabaJ SatrusteguiJ del ArcoA . 2011. Adenine nucleotide transporters in organelles: novel genes and functions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68: 1183\u2013 1206.","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1331135100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07877.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01464.x","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis: the \u2018energy parasite\u2019 hypothesis revisited","volume":"33","author":"Iliffe-Lee ER","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iliffe-LeeER McClartyG . 1999. Glucose metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis: the \u2018energy parasite\u2019 hypothesis revisited. Mol. Microbiol. 33: 177\u2013 187.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.3.1088-1094.1997"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01662-14","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400198400000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00433-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00433-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:32:30Z","timestamp":1627579950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00433-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00433-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00433-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-04-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-05-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}