{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:00:57Z","timestamp":1788390057558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Government | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["PJT-166050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-166050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a rare but life-threatening disease associated with the use of high-absorbency tampons. The production of the\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) superantigen is involved in nearly all cases of mTSS and is tightly controlled by regulators responding to the environment. In the prototypic mTSS strain\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      MN8, the major repressor of TSST-1 is the carbon catabolite protein A (CcpA), which responds to glucose concentrations in the vaginal tract. Healthy vaginal\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species also depend on glucose for both growth and acidification of the vaginal environment through lactic acid production. We hypothesized that interactions between the vaginal microbiota [herein referred to as community state types (CSTs)] and\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      MN8 depend on environmental cues and that these interactions subsequently affect TSST-1 production. Using\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      MN8 \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>ccpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      growing in various glucose concentrations, we demonstrate that the supernatants from different CSTs grown in vaginally defined medium (VDM) could significantly decrease\n                      <jats:italic>tst<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression. When co-culturing CST species with MN8 \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>ccpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we show that\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus jensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      completely inhibits TSST-1 production in conditions mimicking healthy menstruation or mTSS. Finally, we show that growing\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in \u201cunhealthy\u201d or \u201ctransitional\u201d CST supernatants results in higher interleukin 2 (IL-2) production from T cells. These findings suggest that dysbiotic CSTs may encourage TSST-1 production in the vaginal tract and further indicate that the CSTs are likely important for the protection from mTSS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        In this study, we investigate the impact of the vaginal microbiota against\n                        <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        in conditions mimicking the vaginal environment at various stages of the menstrual cycle. We demonstrate that\n                        <jats:italic>Lactobacillus jensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                        can inhibit toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production, suggesting the potential for probiotic activity in treating and preventing menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS). On the other side of the spectrum, \u201cunhealthy\u201d or \u201ctransient\u201d bacteria such as\n                        <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                        support more TSST-1 production by\n                        <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        , suggesting that community state types are important in the development of mTSS. This study sets forward a model for examining contact-independent interactions between pathogenic bacteria and the vaginal microbiota. It also demonstrates the necessity of replicating the environment when studying one as dynamic as the vagina.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00447-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:35:28Z","timestamp":1707467728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vaginal community state types (CSTs) alter environmental cues and production of the\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Carla S.","family":"Maduta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-7289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-2037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karine","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7020053"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2021. 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