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While 1982 marked the discovery of this helical-shaped microorganism found in gastric biopsies by Drs. Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, it took years to link\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection to gastric inflammation, ulcers, and adenocarcinoma (recognized by a Nobel Prize in 2005). Further investigations into how\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonizes the stomach, the identification of key virulence factors (such as VacA, CagA, and outer membrane proteins), and global epidemiological studies solidified the impact of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      on gastric disease. This review details the seminal discovery of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      and subsequent work that cemented its status as a microbial carcinogen. Because chronic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and progressive changes to the tissue environment prior to cancer development can span years\/decades, studying\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenesis has been challenging. We focus on the importance of using animal models, in particular mouse models, to recapitulate hallmarks of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori-<\/jats:italic>\n                      driven human disease. Finally, we highlight recent findings illustrating how\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      has adapted to survive and utilize oxidative stress induced during infection, which potentiates cancer development. Due to the long-lasting nature of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and associated remodeling of the host environment that, in turn, promotes carcinogenesis,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      stands as a model organism for understanding other chronic bacterial infections in humans and pathogen-associated malignancies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00457-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:00:37Z","timestamp":1768485637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Managing dangerous liaisons: lessons from\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    for understanding bacterial carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6108-5195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jazmine A.","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"name":"Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-8949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stavroula K.","family":"Hatzios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University","place":["New Haven, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemistry, Yale University","place":["New Haven, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University","place":["West Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-1424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina R.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans","author":"Anonymous","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1994. 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