{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1789990367068,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]],"date-time":"2007-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1195084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Histophilus somni<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus somnus<\/jats:italic>\n            ) is an obligate inhabitant of the mucosal surfaces of bovines and sheep and an opportunistic pathogen responsible for respiratory disease, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, arthritis, and other systemic infections. The identification of an exopolysaccharide produced by\n            <jats:italic>H. somni<\/jats:italic>\n            prompted us to evaluate whether the bacterium was capable of forming a biofilm. After growth in polyvinyl chloride wells a biofilm was formed by all strains examined, although most isolates from systemic sites produced more biofilm than commensal isolates from the prepuce. Biofilms of pneumonia isolate strain 2336 and commensal isolate strain 129Pt were grown in flow cells, followed by analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both strains formed biofilms that went through stages of attachment, growth, maturation, and detachment. However, strain 2336 produced a mature biofilm that consisted of thick, homogenous mound-shaped microcolonies encased in an amorphous extracellular matrix with profound water channels. In contrast, strain 129Pt formed a biofilm of cell clusters that were tower-shaped or distinct filamentous structures intertwined with each other by strands of extracellular matrix. The biofilm of strain 2336 had a mass and thickness that was 5- to 10-fold greater than that of strain 129Pt and covered 75 to 82% of the surface area, whereas the biofilm of strain 129Pt covered 35 to 40% of the surface area. Since\n            <jats:italic>H. somni<\/jats:italic>\n            is an obligate inhabitant of the bovine and ovine host, the formation of a biofilm may be crucial to its persistence in vivo, and our in vitro evidence suggests that formation of a more robust biofilm may provide a selective advantage for strains that cause systemic disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00479-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,21]],"date-time":"2007-07-21T00:44:41Z","timestamp":1184978681000},"page":"8179-8185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Characterization and Comparison of Biofilm Development by Pathogenic and Commensal Isolates of\n            <i>Histophilus somni<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Indra","family":"Sandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhou","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Edward","family":"Swords","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Inzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2325-2335.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588502200206","volume":"22","year":"1985","unstructured":"Andrews, J. J., T. D. Anderson, L. N. Slife, and G. W. Stevenson. 1985. Microscopic lesions associated with the isolation of Haemophilus somnus from pneumonic bovine lungs. Vet. Pathol. 22 : 131-136.","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02637-0","volume":"53","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angen, O., P. Ahrens, P. Kuhnert, H. Christensen, and R. Mutters. 2003. Proposal of Histophilus somni gen. nov., sp. nov. for the three species incertae sedis \u201cHaemophilus somnus,\u201d \u201cHaemophilus agni,\u201d and \u201cHistophilus ovis.\u201d Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 : 1449-1456.","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01422-06","volume":"189","year":"2007","unstructured":"Challacombe, J. F., A. J. Duncan, T. S. Brettin, D. Bruce, O. Chertkov, J. C. Detter, C. S. Han, M. Misra, P. Richardson, R. Tapia, N. Thayer, G. Xie, and T. J. Inzana. 2007. Complete genome sequence of Haemophilus somnus (Histophilus somni) strain 129Pt and comparison to Haemophilus ducreyi 35000HP and Haemophilus influenzae. Rd. J. Bacteriol. 189 : 1890-1898.","journal-title":"Rd. J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4250-4257.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.2.192-198.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"90","volume":"27","year":"1986","unstructured":"Corbeil, L. B., P. R. Widders, R. Gogolewski, J. Arthur, T. J. Inzana, and A. C. Ward. 1986. Haemophilus somnus: bovine reproductive and respiratory disease. Can. Vet. J. 27 : 90-93.","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.2.431-436.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.3.860-867.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","volume":"15","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donlan, R. M., and J. W. Costerton. 2002. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 : 167-193.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"USDA\/NSF Joint Microbial Genome Sequencing Program: Plant And Animal Genomes XIV 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"347","year":"1984","unstructured":"Frank, G. H. 1984. Bacteria as etiologic agents in bovine respiratory disease, p. 347-362. In L. R. W. (ed.), Bovine respiratory disease: a symposium. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.","journal-title":"Bovine respiratory disease: a symposium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80492-5","volume":"279","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fussing, V., and H. C. Wegener. 1993. Characterization of bovine Haemophilus somnus by biotyping, plasmid profiling, REA-patterns, and ribotyping. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 279 : 60-74.","journal-title":"Zentbl. Bakteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4249-4260.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.4.2008-2017.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2409","volume":"146","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heydorn, A., B. K. Ersboll, M. Hentzer, M. R. Parsek, M. Givskov, and S. Molin. 2000. Experimental reproducibility in flow-chamber biofilms. Microbiology 146 : 2409-2415.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01691-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4412-4419.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"987","volume":"53","year":"1983","unstructured":"Humphrey, J. D., and L. R. Stephens. 1983. Haemophilus somnus: a review. Vet. Bull. 53 : 987-1004.","journal-title":"Vet. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"243","year":"2004","unstructured":"Inzana, T. J., and L. B. Corbeil. 2004. Haemophilus, p. 243-257. In C. Gyles, C. Thoen, J. Prescott, and G. Songer (ed.), Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., Oxford, England.","journal-title":"Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"366","volume":"48","year":"1987","unstructured":"Inzana, T. J., and L. B. Corbeil. 1987. Development of a defined medium for Haemophilus somnus isolated from cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 : 366-369.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4870-4879.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.7.2943-2951.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.8.1880-1889.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.5.1682-1686.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.07.009","volume":"118","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jin, H., R. Zhou, M. Kang, R. Luo, X. Cai, and H. Chen. 2006. Biofilm formation by field isolates and reference strains of Haemophilus parasuis. Vet. Microbiol. 118 : 117-123.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01935-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.4.1399-1404.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.02.011","volume":"108","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplan, J. B., and M. H. Mulks. 2005. Biofilm formation is prevalent among field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet. Microbiol. 108 : 89-94.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"883","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kilian, M. 2005. Genus III. Haemophilus, p. 883-904. In D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.2.381-387.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"262","volume":"62","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martin, S. W., R. J. Harland, K. G. Bateman, and E. Nagy. 1998. The association of titers to Haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can. J. Vet. Res. 62 : 262-267.","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-2-7","volume":"2","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy, T. F., and C. Kirkham. 2002. Biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: strain variability, outer membrane antigen expression and role of pili. BMC Microbiol. 2 : 7.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"857","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mutters, R., H. Christensen, and L. Pasteur. 2005. Genus I. Pasteurella, p. 857-866. In D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"866","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olsen, I., and K. Moller. 2005. Genus II. Actinobacillus, p. 866-883. In D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"86","volume":"66","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olson, M. E., H. Ceri, D. W. Morck, A. G. Buret, and R. R. Read. 2002. Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66 : 86-92.","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01921-1","volume":"9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reysenbach, A. L., and S. L. Cady. 2001. Microbiology of ancient and modern hydrothermal systems. Trends Microbiol. 9 : 79-86.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1140-1154.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03432.x","volume":"48","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schembri, M. A., K. Kjaergaard, and P. Klemm. 2003. Global gene expression in Escherichia coli biofilms. Mol. Microbiol. 48 : 253-2567.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"22","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siddaramappa, S. S., A. J. Duncan, J. F. Challacombe, D. Dyer, A. Gillaspy, J. Gipson, J. Z. M. Carson, D. Rainey, and T. J. Inzana. 2007. Comparative genomics of Histophilus somni strains 2336 and 129pt, Abstr. Microbial Genome 2007, p. 22. The Wellcome Trust, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Comparative genomics of Histophilus somni strains 2336 and 129pt"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR200466","volume":"5","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddaramppa, S., and T. J. Inzana. 2004. Haemophilus somnus virulence factors and resistance to host immunity. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 5 : 79-93.","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705","volume":"56","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stoodley, P., K. Sauer, D. G. Davies, and J. W. Costerton. 2002. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56 : 187-209.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.106-113.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.07.001","volume":"39","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sylte, M. J., C. J. Kuckleburg, D. Atapattu, F. P. Leite, D. McClenahan, T. J. Inzana, and C. J. Czuprynski. 2005. Signaling through interleukin-1 type 1 receptor diminishes Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide-mediated apoptosis of endothelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 39 : 121-130.","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1004597","volume":"77","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sylte, M. J., C. J. Kuckleburg, T. J. Inzana, P. J. Bertics, and C. J. Czuprynski. 2005. Stimulation of P2X receptors enhances lipooligosaccharide-mediated apoptosis of endothelial cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77 : 958-965.","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00259-5","volume":"76","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tegtmeier, C., O. Angen, and P. Ahrens. 2000. Comparison of bacterial cultivation, PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry as tools for diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus pneumonia in cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 76 : 385-394.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.22.6482-6489.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35101627","volume":"413","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whiteley, M., M. G. Bangera, R. E. Bumgarner, M. R. Parsek, G. M. Teitzel, S. Lory, and E. P. Greenberg. 2001. Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Nature 413 : 860-864.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.2.639-642.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.310-319.2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00479-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00479-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:37:34Z","timestamp":1627580254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00479-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00479-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00479-07","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-07-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}