{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:57:48Z","timestamp":1771268268223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Peptidoglycan fragments released by\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            contribute to the inflammation and ciliated cell death associated with gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease. However, little is known about the production and release of these fragments during bacterial growth. Previous studies demonstrated that one lytic transglycosylase, LtgA, was responsible for the production of approximately half of the released peptidoglycan monomers. Systematic mutational analysis of other putative lytic transglycosylase genes identified lytic transglycosylase D (LtgD) as responsible for release of peptidoglycan monomers from gonococci. An\n            <jats:italic>ltgA ltgD<\/jats:italic>\n            double mutant was found not to release peptidoglycan monomers and instead released large, soluble peptidoglycan fragments. In pulse-chase experiments, recycled peptidoglycan was not found in cytoplasmic extracts from the\n            <jats:italic>ltgA ltgD<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant as it was for the wild-type strain, indicating that generation of anhydro peptidoglycan monomers by lytic transglycosylases facilitates peptidoglycan recycling. The\n            <jats:italic>ltgA ltgD<\/jats:italic>\n            double mutant showed no growth abnormalities or cell separation defects, suggesting that these enzymes are involved in pathogenesis but not necessary for normal growth.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00506-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,21]],"date-time":"2008-06-21T00:55:13Z","timestamp":1214009713000},"page":"5989-5994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Uses Two Lytic Transglycosylases To Produce Cytotoxic Peptidoglycan Monomers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Cloud-Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen T.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00216.x","volume":"4","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bartoleschi, C., M. C. Pardini, C. Scaringi, M. C. Martino, C. Pazzani, and M. L. Bernardini. 2002. Selection of Shigella flexneri candidate virulence genes specifically induced in bacteria resident in host cell cytoplasm. Cell. Microbiol. 4 : 613-626.","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01270-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2752-2757.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.22.7811-7814.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1486","volume":"4","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cloud-Hansen, K. A., S. B. Peterson, E. V. Stabb, W. E. Goldman, M. J. McFall-Ngai, and J. Handelsman. 2006. Breaching the great wall: peptidoglycan and microbial interactions. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 : 710-716.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00430a048","volume":"28","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cookson, B. T., A. N. Tyler, and W. E. Goldman. 1989. Primary structure of the peptidoglycan-derived tracheal cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis. Biochemistry 28 : 1744-1749.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1104-1099","volume":"5","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Gregorio, E., and R. Rappuoli. 2004. Inside sensors detecting outside pathogens. Nat. Immunol. 5 : 1099-1100.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.19.5555-5562.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02520.x","volume":"41","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dillard, J. P., and H. S. Seifert. 2001. A variable genetic island specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in providing DNA for natural transformation and is found more often in disseminated infection isolates. Mol. Microbiol. 41 : 263-278.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41763-7","volume":"269","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dokter, W. H. A., A. J. Dijkstra, S. B. Koopmans, B. K. Stulp, W. Keck, M. R. Halie, and E. Vellenga. 1994. G(Anh)MTetra, a natural bacterial cell wall breakdown product induces interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-6 expression in human monocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269 : 4201-4206.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.20.6394-6403.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00724-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01194-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4718-4726.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.124.3.1067-1076.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00238-3","volume":"236","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnston, D. M., and J. G. Cannon. 1999. Construction of mutant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lacking new antibiotic markers using a two gene cassette with positive and negative selection. Gene 236 : 179-184.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.6.1274-1279.1963","volume":"85","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kellogg, D. S., Jr., W. L. Peacock, Jr., W. E. Deacon, L. Brown, and C. L. Pirkle. 1963. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J. Bacteriol. 85 : 1274-1279.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28125-0","volume":"151","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kohler, P. L., K. A. Cloud, K. T. Hackett, E. T. Beck, and J. P. Dillard. 2005. Characterization of the role of LtgB, a putative lytic transglycosylase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiology 151 : 3081-3088.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00531-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.17.5465-5470.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"281","volume":"50","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mackey, W. C., and R. S. Immerman. 2003. A proposed feedback loop of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behavior: the Red Queen's dilemma. Soc. Biol. 50 : 281-299.","journal-title":"Soc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.3.378","volume":"149","year":"1984","unstructured":"Melly, M. A., Z. A. McGee, and R. S. Rosenthal. 1984. Ability of monomeric peptidoglycan fragments from Neisseria gonorrhoeae to damage human fallopian-tube mucosa. J. Infect. Dis. 149 : 378-386.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-145-38025","volume":"145","year":"1974","unstructured":"Morse, S. A., and L. Bartenstein. 1974. Factors affecting autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145 : 1418-1421.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"235","volume":"235","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. S., and R. Dziarski. 1994. Isolation of peptidoglycan and soluble peptidoglycan fragments. Methods Enzymol. 235 : 235-285.","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.2117-2120.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.3.735","volume":"83","year":"1986","unstructured":"Seifert, H. S., E. Y. Chen, M. So, and F. Heffron. 1986. Shuttle mutagenesis: a method of transposon mutagenesis for Saccharomyces cervisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 : 735-739.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1971-1977.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.3.914-925.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.134.4.886","volume":"134","year":"1971","unstructured":"Swanson, J., S. J. Kraus, and E. C. Gotschlich. 1971. Studies on gonococcus infection I. Pili and zones of adhesion: their relation to gonococcal growth patterns. J. Exp. Med. 134 : 886-906.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47690","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109307200","volume":"276","year":"2001","unstructured":"Terada, M., T. Kuroda, S. I. Matsuyama, and H. Tokuda. 2001. Lipoprotein sorting signals evaluated as the LolA-dependent release of lipoproteins from the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 276 : 47690-47694.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1021\/bi992161p","volume":"39","year":"2000","unstructured":"van Asselt, E. J., K. H. Kalk, and B. W. Dijkstra. 2000. Crystallographic studies of the interactions of Escherichia coli lytic transglycosylase Slt35 with peptidoglycan. Biochemistry 39 : 1924-1934.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1131","volume":"5","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viala, J., C. Chaput, I. G. Boneca, A. Cardona, S. E. Giardin, A. P. Moran, R. Athman, S. Memet, M. R. Huerre, A. J. Coyle, P. S. DiStefano, P. J. Sansonetti, A. Labigne, J. Bertin, D. J. Philpott, and R. L. Ferrero. 2004. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat. Immunol. 5 : 1166-1174.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00776.x","volume":"273","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wade, J. J., and M. A. Graver. 2007. A fully defined, clear and protein-free liquid medium permitting dense growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from very low inocula. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 273 : 35-37.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00506-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00506-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:40:05Z","timestamp":1627580405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00506-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00506-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00506-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-06-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}