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The availability of the sequence of the 0.92-Mb genome of this organism made a global gene expression analysis in response to thermal stresses feasible, which resulted in unique transcription profiles. A few genes were differentially transcribed after 15 min of exposure at 43\u00b0C. The effects observed included up-regulation of the<jats:italic>dnaK<\/jats:italic>regulon, which is composed of six genes and is likely to be under control of two HspR-associated inverted repeats (HAIR motifs) found in the 5\u2032 region. Putative virulence factors, like the RibC and IspDF proteins, were also overexpressed. While it was not affected much by heat shock, the<jats:italic>T. whipplei<\/jats:italic>transcriptome was strongly modified following cold shock at 4\u00b0C. For the 149 genes that were differentially transcribed, eight regulons were identified, and one of them was composed of five genes exhibiting similarity with genes encoding ABC transporters. Up-regulation of these genes suggested that there was an increase in nutrient uptake when the bacterium was exposed to cold stress. As observed for other bacterial species, the major classes of differentially transcribed genes encode membrane proteins and enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, indicating that membrane modifications are critical. Paradoxically, the heat shock proteins GroEL2 and ClpP1 were up-regulated. Altogether, the data show that despite the lack of classical regulation pathways,<jats:italic>T. whipplei<\/jats:italic>exhibits an adaptive response to thermal stresses which is consistent with its specific environmental origin and could allow survival under cold conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00507-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,30]],"date-time":"2006-06-30T23:17:58Z","timestamp":1151709478000},"page":"5228-5239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Global Transcriptome Analysis of<i>Tropheryma whipplei<\/i>in Response to Temperature Stresses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Crapoulet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 des Rickettsies, UMR 6020 CNRS, IFR48, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Barbry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Pharmacologie Mole\u0301culaire et Cellulaire, UMR 6097 CNRS\/UNSA, Sophia Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 des Rickettsies, UMR 6020 CNRS, IFR48, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Renesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 des Rickettsies, UMR 6020 CNRS, IFR48, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27513-0","volume":"151","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andersen, M. 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