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Pulse-chase experiments on serotype 2 strain D39 radiolabeled with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acetylglucosamine revealed little turnover and release of PG breakdown products during growth compared to published reports of PG turnover in\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . PG dynamics were visualized directly by long-pulse\u2013chase\u2013new-labeling experiments using two colors of\n                    <jats:underline>f<\/jats:underline>\n                    luorescent\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    -\n                    <jats:underline>a<\/jats:underline>\n                    mino\n                    <jats:underline>a<\/jats:underline>\n                    cid (FDAA) probes to microscopically detect regions of new PG synthesis. Consistent with minimal PG turnover, hemispherical regions of stable \u201cold\u201d PG persisted in D39 and TIGR4 (serotype 4) cells grown in rich brain heart infusion broth, in D39 cells grown in chemically defined medium containing glucose or galactose as the carbon source, and in D39 cells grown as biofilms on a layer of fixed human epithelial cells. In contrast,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    exhibited rapid sidewall PG turnover in similar FDAA-labeling experiments. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of biochemically released peptides from\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    PG validated that FDAAs incorporated at low levels into pentamer PG peptides and did not change the overall composition of PG peptides. PG dynamics were also visualized in mutants lacking PG hydrolases that mediate PG remodeling, cell separation, or autolysis and in cells lacking the MapZ and DivIVA division regulators. In all cases, hemispheres of stable old PG were maintained. In PG hydrolase mutants exhibiting aberrant division plane placement, FDAA labeling revealed patches of inert PG at turns and bulge points. We conclude that growing\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells exhibit minimal PG turnover compared to the PG turnover in rod-shaped cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    PG cell walls are unique to eubacteria, and many bacterial species turn over and recycle their PG during growth, stress, colonization, and virulence. Consequently, PG breakdown products serve as signals for bacteria to induce antibiotic resistance and as activators of innate immune responses.\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the human nasopharynx and opportunistically causes serious respiratory and invasive diseases. The results presented here demonstrate a distinct demarcation between regions of old PG and regions of new PG synthesis and minimal turnover of PG in\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells growing in culture or in host-relevant biofilms. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    minimizes the release of PG breakdown products by turnover, which may contribute to evasion of the innate immune system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00541-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,24]],"date-time":"2015-08-24T21:33:21Z","timestamp":1440452001000},"page":"3472-3485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Minimal Peptidoglycan (PG) Turnover in Wild-Type and PG Hydrolase and Cell Division Mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 Growing Planktonically and in Host-Relevant Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Michael 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