{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1792205661852,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 RO1 AI069227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 RO1 AI069227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30 AI110036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30 AI110036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM07281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM07281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of anthrax disease, elaborates a secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) that is essential for bacterial growth and cell division.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            SCWP is comprised of trisaccharide repeats with the structure, [\u21924)-\u03b2-ManNAc-(1\u21924)-\u03b2-GlcNAc(\n            <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n            3-\u03b1-Gal)-(1\u21926)-\u03b1-GlcNAc(\n            <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n            3-\u03b1-Gal,\n            <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n            4-\u03b2-Gal)-(1\u2192]\n            <jats:sub>6-12<\/jats:sub>\n            . The genes whose products promote the galactosylation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            SCWP are not yet known. We show here that the expression of\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            , encoding a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase necessary for the synthesis of UDP-galactose, is required for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            SCWP galactosylation. The\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant assembles surface (S) layer and S layer-associated proteins that associate with ketal-pyruvylated SCWP via their S layer homology domains similarly to wild-type\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , but the mutant displays a defect in \u03b3-phage murein hydrolase binding to SCWP. Furthermore, deletion of\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            diminishes the capsulation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            with poly-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -\u03b3-glutamic acid (PDGA) and causes a reduction in bacterial virulence. These data suggest that SCWP galactosylation is required for the physiologic assembly of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cell wall envelope and for the pathogenesis of anthrax disease.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Unlike virulent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain CDC684 synthesizes secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) trisaccharide repeats without galactosyl modification, exhibits diminished growth\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            in broth cultures, and is severely attenuated in an animal model of anthrax. To examine whether SCWP galactosylation is a requirement for anthrax disease, we generated variants of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains Sterne 34F2 and Ames lacking UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by mutating the genes\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>galE2<\/jats:italic>\n            . We identified\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            as necessary for SCWP galactosylation. Deletion of\n            <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>\n            decreased the poly-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -\u03b3-glutamic acid (PDGA) capsulation of the vegetative form of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and increased the bacterial inoculum required to produce lethal disease in mice, indicating that SCWP galactosylation is indeed a determinant of anthrax disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00562-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T16:20:21Z","timestamp":1513009221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Galactosylation of the Secondary Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Bacillus anthracis and Its Contribution to Anthrax Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Chateau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin Mark","family":"Lunderberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 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