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This is largely due to the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases. However, antimicrobial agents must first penetrate the outer membrane barrier in order to reach their targets, and hydrophilic and charged \u03b2-lactams presumably diffuse through the porin channels. Unfortunately, the properties of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>porin channels are largely unknown. In this study, we made clean deletions of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>porin genes<jats:italic>ompK35<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ompK36<\/jats:italic>and examined the antibiotic susceptibilities and diffusion rates of \u03b2-lactams. The results showed that OmpK35 and OmpK36 produced larger more permeable channels than their<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>homologs OmpF and OmpC; OmpK35 especially produced a diffusion channel of remarkably high permeability toward lipophilic (benzylpenicillin) and large (cefepime) compounds. These results were also confirmed by expressing various porins in an<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>strain lacking major porins and the major multidrug efflux pump AcrAB. Our data explain why the development of drug resistance in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>is so often accompanied by the mutational loss of its porins, especially OmpK35, in addition to the various plasmid-carried genes of antibiotic resistance, because even hydrolysis by \u03b2-lactamases becomes inefficient in producing high levels of resistance if the bacterium continues to allow a rapid influx of \u03b2-lactams through its wide porin channels.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>In Gram-negative bacteria, drugs must first enter the outer membrane, usually through porin channels. Thus, the quantitative examination of influx rates is essential for the assessment of resistance mechanisms, yet no such studies exist for a very important nosocomial pathogen,<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>. We found that the larger channel porin of this organism, OmpK35, produces a significantly larger channel than its<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>homolog, OmpF. This makes unmodified<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>strains more susceptible to relatively large antibiotics, such as the third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Also, even the acquisition of powerful \u03b2-lactamases is not likely to make them fully resistant in the presence of such an effective influx process, explaining why so many clinical isolates of this organism lack porins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00590-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T01:59:12Z","timestamp":1474336752000},"page":"3200-3208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Klebsiella pneumoniae Major Porins OmpK35 and OmpK36 Allow More Efficient Diffusion of \u03b2-Lactams than Their Escherichia coli Homologs OmpF and OmpC"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Etsuko","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nikaido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70190-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00290.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3332-3335.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.903-910.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-3-673","article-title":"Porin expression in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"145","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-All\u00e9s S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-All\u00e9s S, Alberti S, Alvarez D, Domenech-Sanchez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Gil J, Tomas JM, Benedi VJ. 1999. 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