{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:46:47Z","timestamp":1790714807767,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by the anaerobic bacterium<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>are the most potent biological substances known to mankind. BoNTs are the agents responsible for botulism, a rare condition affecting the neuromuscular junction and causing a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild cranial nerve palsies to acute respiratory failure and death. BoNTs are a potential biowarfare threat and a public health hazard, since outbreaks of foodborne botulism are caused by the ingestion of preformed BoNTs in food. Currently, mathematical models relating to the hazards associated with<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>, which are largely empirical, make major contributions to botulinum risk assessment. Evaluated using statistical techniques, these models simulate the response of the bacterium to environmental conditions. Though empirical models have been successfully incorporated into risk assessments to support food safety decision making, this process includes significant uncertainties so that relevant decision making is frequently conservative and inflexible. Progression involves encoding into the models cellular processes at a molecular level, especially the details of the genetic and molecular machinery. This addition drives the connection between biological mechanisms and botulism risk assessment and hazard management strategies. This review brings together elements currently described in the literature that will be useful in building quantitative models of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>neurotoxin production. Subsequently, it outlines how the established form of modeling could be extended to include these new elements. Ultimately, this can offer further contributions to risk assessments to support food safety decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00630-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T02:16:03Z","timestamp":1441764963000},"page":"204-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New Elements To Consider When Modeling the Hazards Associated with Botulinum Neurotoxin in Food"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Adaoha E. C.","family":"Ihekwaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, EAN University, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep K.","family":"Malakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Walshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. C.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01180-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.80-99.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(09)05503-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378612-8.00091-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of food safety","author":"Peck MW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peck MW. 2014. Bacteria: Clostridium botulinum, p 381\u2013394. In Motarjemi Y (ed), Encyclopedia of food safety. Academic Press, Waltham, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500003292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic diversity within Clostridium botulinum serotypes, botulinum neurotoxin gene clusters and toxin subtypes","volume":"364","author":"Hill KK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill KK, Smith TJ. 2013. Genetic diversity within Clostridium botulinum serotypes, botulinum neurotoxin gene clusters and toxin subtypes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 364:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02987.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: application, safety, and limitations","volume":"364","author":"Bigalke H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bigalke H. 2013. Botulinum toxin: application, safety, and limitations. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 364:307\u2013317.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2015.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(97)01027-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.1993.1034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(96)01244-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(96)00965-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-60.9.1064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3449-3457.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00111-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-014-0780-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-5-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02587-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28561-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549909036015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2420-2425.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00779.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-66"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00072-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00799-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6282807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04377.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00985.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01275-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/016915-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01573-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03038-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02838-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1997.3910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703446200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90061-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222139110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/46023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-013-9465-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-008-9151-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.5.1589-1594.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27801-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810878106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002499107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulm.2003.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-010-9530-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213974109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12357","article-title":"Triggering sporulation in Bacillus subtilis with artificial two-component systems reveals the importance of proper Spo0A activation dynamics","volume":"90","author":"Vishnoi M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vishnoi M, Narula J, Devi SN, Dao HA, Igoshin OA, Fujita M. 2013. Triggering sporulation in Bacillus subtilis with artificial two-component systems reveals the importance of proper Spo0A activation dynamics. Mol Microbiol 90:181\u2013194.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-014-0119-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.04.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118684856.ch6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00630-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00630-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:48:43Z","timestamp":1718066923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00630-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"W.","family":"Margolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00630-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00630-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-12-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}