{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:14:08Z","timestamp":1791094448431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            K1 is the leading cause of human neonatal sepsis and meningitis and is important in other clinical syndromes of both humans and domestic animals; in this strain the polysialic acid capsule (K1 antigen) functions by inhibiting innate immunity. Recent discovery of the phase-variable capsular O acetylation mechanism indicated that the O-acetyltransferase gene,\n            <jats:italic>neuO<\/jats:italic>\n            , is carried on a putative K1-specific prophage designated CUS-3 (E. L.\n            <jats:bold>Deszo, S. M. Steenbergen, D. I. Freedberg, and E. R. Vimr<\/jats:bold>\n            , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA\n            <jats:bold>102:<\/jats:bold>\n            5564-5569, 2005). Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a CUS-3 derivative (CUS-3a), demonstrating its morphology, lysogenization of a sensitive host, and the distribution of CUS-3 among a collection of 111 different K1 strains. The 40,207-bp CUS-3 genome was annotated from the strain RS218 genomic DNA sequence, indicating that most of the 63 phage open reading frames have their closest homologues in one of seven different lambdoid phages. Translational fusion of a reporter\n            <jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>\n            fragment to the hypervariable poly-\u03a8 domain facilitated measurement of phase variation frequencies, indicating no significant differences between switch rates or effects on rates of the methyl-directed mismatch repair system. PCR analysis of poly-\u03a8 domain length indicated preferential loss or gain of single 5\u2032-AAGACTC-3\u2032 nucleotide repeats. Analysis of a K1 strain previously reported as \u201clocked on\u201d indicated a poly-\u03a8 region with the least number of heptad repeats compatible with in-frame\n            <jats:italic>neuO<\/jats:italic>\n            expression. The combined results establish CUS-3 as an active mobile contingency locus in\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            K1, indicating its capacity to mediate population-wide capsule variation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00657-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,30]],"date-time":"2007-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1183164911000},"page":"6447-6456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            K1-Specific Bacteriophage CUS-3 Distribution and Function in Phase-Variable Capsular Polysialic Acid O Acetylation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sialobiology and Comparative Metabolomics, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross P.","family":"Vimr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sialobiology and Comparative Metabolomics, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Steenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sialobiology and Comparative Metabolomics, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lodewijk","family":"Spanjaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Guy","family":"Plunkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick R.","family":"Blattner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Vimr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sialobiology and Comparative Metabolomics, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01646-7","volume":"8","year":"2000","unstructured":"Allison, G. 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