{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:57:54Z","timestamp":1791165474284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this report, we show that biofilm formation by<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>serotype 19 gives rise to variants (the small mucoid variant [SMV] and the acapsular small-colony variant [SCV]) differing in capsule production, attachment, and biofilm formation compared to wild-type strains. All biofilm-derived variants harbored SNPs in<jats:italic>cps19F<\/jats:italic>. SCVs reverted to SMV, but no reversion to the wild-type phenotype was noted, indicating that these variants were distinct from opaque- and transparent-phase variants. The SCV-SMV reversion frequency was dependent on growth conditions and treatment with tetracycline. Increased reversion rates were coincident with antibiotic treatment, implicating oxidative stress as a trigger for the SCV-SMV switch. We, therefore, evaluated the role played by hydrogen peroxide, the oxidizing chemical, in the reversion and emergence of variants. Biofilms of<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>TIGR4-\u0394<jats:italic>spxB<\/jats:italic>, defective in hydrogen peroxide production, showed a significant reduction in variant formation. Similarly, supplementing the medium with catalase or sodium thiosulfate yielded a significant reduction in variants formed by wild-type biofilms. Resistance to rifampin, an indicator for mutation frequency, was found to increase approximately 55-fold in biofilms compared to planktonic cells for each of the three wild-type strains examined. In contrast, TIGR4-\u0394<jats:italic>spxB<\/jats:italic>grown as a biofilm showed no increase in rifampin resistance compared to the same cells grown planktonically. Furthermore, addition of 2.5 and 10 mM hydrogen peroxide to planktonic cells resulted in a 12- and 160-fold increase in mutation frequency, respectively, and gave rise to variants similar in appearance, biofilm-related phenotypes, and distribution of biofilm-derived variants. The results suggest that hydrogen peroxide and environmental conditions specific to biofilms are responsible for the development of non-phase-variable colony variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00707-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,26]],"date-time":"2008-07-26T00:53:56Z","timestamp":1217033636000},"page":"6330-6339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Formation of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>Non-Phase-Variable Colony Variants Is Due to Increased Mutation Frequency Present under Biofilm Growth Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Magee","family":"Allegrucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2325-2335.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01369-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16630","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407460101","volume":"101","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boles, B. 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