{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:54:11Z","timestamp":1792032851930,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The life cycle of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    includes both vegetative and endospore morphologies which alternate based on nutrient availability, and there is considerable evidence indicating that the ability of this organism to cause anthrax depends on its ability to progress through this life cycle in a regulated manner. Here we report the use of a custom\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    GeneChip in defining the gene expression patterns that occur throughout the entire life cycle in vitro. Nearly 5,000 genes were expressed in five distinct waves of transcription as the bacteria progressed from germination through sporulation, and we identified a specific set of functions represented within each wave. We also used these data to define the temporal expression of the spore proteome, and in doing so we have demonstrated that much of the spore's protein content is not synthesized de novo during sporulation but rather is packaged from preexisting stocks. We explored several potential mechanisms by which the cell could control which proteins are packaged into the developing spore, and our analyses were most consistent with a model in which\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    regulates the composition of the spore proteome based on protein stability. This study is by far the most comprehensive survey yet of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    life cycle and serves as a useful resource in defining the growth-phase-dependent expression patterns of each gene. Additionally, the data and accompanying bioinformatics analyses suggest a model for sporulation that has broad implications for\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biology and offer new possibilities for microbial forensics and detection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00723-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T13:14:16Z","timestamp":1156166056000},"page":"6092-6100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Transcriptional Profiling of the\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    Life Cycle In Vitro and an Implied Model for Regulation of Spore Formation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Nicholas H.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica C.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Niemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy D.","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3018930","volume":"234","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bachmair, A., D. Finley, and A. Varshavsky. 1986. In vivo half-life of a protein is a function of its amino-terminal residue. Science 234 : 179-186.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.2.185","volume":"19","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bolstad, B. M., R. A. Irizarry, M. Astrand, and T. P. Speed. 2003. A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias. Bioinformatics 19 : 185-193.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.2.487-498.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2736-2743.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(98)01227-4","volume":"23","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bradshaw, R. A., W. W. Brickey, and K. W. Walker. 1998. 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