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A screen of fatty acids as growth inhibitors of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    revealed structure-specific antibacterial activity. Fatty acids like oleate (18:1\u03949) were nontoxic, whereas palmitoleate (16:1\u03949) was a potent growth inhibitor. Cells treated with 16:1\u03949 exhibited rapid membrane depolarization, the disruption of all major branches of macromolecular synthesis, and the release of solutes and low-molecular-weight proteins into the medium. Other cytotoxic lipids, such as glycerol ethers, sphingosine, and acyl-amines blocked growth by the same mechanisms. Nontoxic 18:1\u03949 was used for phospholipid synthesis, whereas toxic 16:1\u03949 was not and required elongation to 18:1\u039411 prior to incorporation. However, blocking fatty acid metabolism using inhibitors to prevent acyl-acyl carrier protein formation or glycerol-phosphate acyltransferase activity did not increase the toxicity of 18:1\u03949, indicating that inefficient metabolism did not play a determinant role in fatty acid toxicity. Nontoxic 18:1\u03949 was as toxic as 16:1\u03949 in a strain lacking wall teichoic acids and led to growth arrest and enhanced release of intracellular contents. Thus, wall teichoic acids contribute to the structure-specific antimicrobial effects of unsaturated fatty acids. The ability of poorly metabolized 16:1 isomers to penetrate the cell wall defenses is a weakness that has been exploited by the innate immune system to combat\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00743-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]],"date-time":"2012-07-28T20:53:02Z","timestamp":1343508782000},"page":"5294-5304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["Membrane Disruption by Antimicrobial Fatty Acids Releases Low-Molecular-Weight Proteins from Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Joshua B.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles O.","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o59-099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-94-2-290","article-title":"Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"94","author":"Butcher GW","year":"1976","unstructured":"ButcherGW KingG DykeKG. 1976. 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