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Australian koalas (<jats:italic>Phascolarctos cinereus<\/jats:italic>) are widely infected with two species of<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>C. pecorum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Transmission of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>between animals and humans has not been reported; however, two other chlamydial species,<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. abortus<\/jats:italic>, are known zoonotic pathogens. We have sequenced the 1,241,024-bp chromosome and a 7.5-kb cryptic chlamydial plasmid of the koala strain of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>(LPCoLN) using the whole-genome shotgun method. Comparative genomic analysis, including pseudogene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution, and phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes and SNPs against the human isolates of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>show that the LPCoLN isolate is basal to human isolates. Thus, we propose based on compelling genomic and phylogenetic evidence that humans were originally infected zoonotically by an animal isolate(s) of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>which adapted to humans primarily through the processes of gene decay and plasmid loss, to the point where the animal reservoir is no longer required for transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00746-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,12]],"date-time":"2009-09-12T01:12:41Z","timestamp":1252717961000},"page":"7225-7233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Evidence that Human<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/i>Was Zoonotically Acquired"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"G. S. 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