{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:07:21Z","timestamp":1781269641376,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,15]],"date-time":"2010-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1292371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes a worldwide-distributed zoonosis. The genus includes smooth (S) and rough (R) species that differ in the presence or absence, respectively, of the O-polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide. In S brucellae, the O-polysaccharide is a critical diagnostic antigen and a virulence determinant. However, S brucellae spontaneously dissociate into R forms, a problem in antigen and S vaccine production. Spontaneous R mutants of<jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Brucella suis<\/jats:italic>carried the chromosomal scar corresponding to genomic island 2 (GI-2) excision, an event causing the loss of the<jats:italic>wboA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>wboB<\/jats:italic>O-polysaccharide genes, and the predicted excised circular intermediate was identified in<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>cultures. Moreover, disruption of a putative phage integrase gene in<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>GI-2 caused a reduction in O-polysaccharide loss rates under conditions promoting S-R dissociation. However, spontaneous R mutants not carrying the GI-2 scar were also detected. These results demonstrate that the phage integrase-related GI-2 excision is a cause of S-R brucella dissociation and that other undescribed mechanisms must also be involved. In the R<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species, previous works have shown that<jats:italic>Brucella ovis<\/jats:italic>but not<jats:italic>Brucella canis<\/jats:italic>lacks GI-2, and a chromosomal scar identical to those in R mutants was observed. These results suggest that the phage integrase-promoted GI-2 excision played a role in<jats:italic>B. ovis<\/jats:italic>speciation and are consistent with other evidence, suggesting that this species and<jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>have emerged as two independent lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00838-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,16]],"date-time":"2010-10-16T00:51:46Z","timestamp":1287190306000},"page":"6346-6351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Genomic Island 2 Is an Unstable Genetic Element Contributing to<i>Brucella<\/i>Lipopolysaccharide Spontaneous Smooth-to-Rough Dissociation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Mancilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqui\u0301mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologi\u0301a y Parasitologi\u0301a, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Lo\u0301pez-Gon\u0303i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologi\u0301a y Parasitologi\u0301a, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Moriyo\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologi\u0301a y Parasitologi\u0301a, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mari\u0301a","family":"Za\u0301rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqui\u0301mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1008-1016.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"697","volume":"73","year":"1956","unstructured":"Altenbern, R., D. 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