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Spores are protected by a morphologically complex protein coat. The\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            coat is of particular interest because the spore is the infective particle of anthrax. We determined the roles of several\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            orthologues of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            coat protein genes in spore assembly and virulence. One of these,\n            <jats:italic>cotE<\/jats:italic>\n            , has a striking function in\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            : it guides the assembly of the exosporium, an outer structure encasing\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            but not\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores. However, CotE has only a modest role in coat protein assembly, in contrast to the\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            orthologue.\n            <jats:italic>cotE<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant spores are fully virulent in animal models, indicating that the exosporium is dispensable for infection, at least in the context of a\n            <jats:italic>cotE<\/jats:italic>\n            mutation. This has implications for both the pathophysiology of the disease and next-generation therapeutics. CotH, which directs the assembly of an important subset of coat proteins in\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            , also directs coat protein deposition in\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            . Additionally, however, in\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            , CotH effects germination; in its absence, more spores germinate than in the wild type. We also found that SpoIVA has a critical role in directing the assembly of the coat and exosporium to an area around the forespore. This function is very similar to that of the\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            orthologue, which directs the assembly of the coat to the forespore. These results show that while\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            rely on a core of conserved morphogenetic proteins to guide coat formation, these proteins may also be important for species-specific differences in coat morphology. We further hypothesize that variations in conserved morphogenetic coat proteins may play roles in taxonomic variation among species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00921-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,18]],"date-time":"2006-11-18T08:56:05Z","timestamp":1163840165000},"page":"691-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Morphogenesis of the\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Spore"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Giorno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna-Sulayman","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mallozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Zielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine R.","family":"Maddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Welkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Driks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.40.2.360-402.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1219-1224.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.11.3800-3806.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.22.7043-7051.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-22-1-147","volume":"22","year":"1960","unstructured":"Berger, J. 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