{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:22:19Z","timestamp":1791300139007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]],"date-time":"2011-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Most strains of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            carry the 57-kb gonococcal genetic island (GGI), as do a few strains of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n            . The GGI is inserted into the chromosome at the\n            <jats:italic>dif<\/jats:italic>\n            site (\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and is flanked by a partial repeat of the\n            <jats:italic>dif<\/jats:italic>\n            site (\n            <jats:italic>difB<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Since\n            <jats:italic>dif<\/jats:italic>\n            is a sequence recognized by the site-specific recombinases XerC and XerD and the GGI shows evidence of horizontal acquisition, we hypothesized that the GGI may be acquired or lost by XerCD-mediated site-specific recombination. We show that while the GGI flanked by wild-type\n            <jats:italic>dif<\/jats:italic>\n            sites,\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>difB<\/jats:italic>\n            , is not readily lost from the gonococcal chromosome, the substitution of\n            <jats:italic>difB<\/jats:italic>\n            with another copy of\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            allows the frequent excision and loss of the GGI. In mutants carrying two\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            sites (\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            ), the GGI can be detected as an extrachromosomal circle that exists transiently. A mutation of\n            <jats:italic>xerD<\/jats:italic>\n            diminished GGI excision from the chromosome of a\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:italic>difA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            strain, while mutations in\n            <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>\n            or type IV secretion genes had no effect on the loss of the GGI. These data indicate that the GGI is maintained by the replication of the chromosome and that GGI excision and loss are dependent upon the\n            <jats:italic>dif<\/jats:italic>\n            sequence and\n            <jats:italic>xerD<\/jats:italic>\n            . The detection of a circular form of the GGI in a wild-type strain suggests that GGI excision may occur naturally and could function to facilitate GGI transfer. These data suggest a model of GGI excision and loss explaining the absence of the GGI from some gonococcal strains and the maintenance of variant GGIs in some gonococcal and meningococcal isolates.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00948-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,13]],"date-time":"2010-11-13T06:10:43Z","timestamp":1289628643000},"page":"377-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["XerCD-Mediated Site-Specific Recombination Leads to Loss of the 57-Kilobase Gonococcal Genetic Island"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Nadia M.","family":"Domi\u0301nguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen T.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"789","volume":"3","year":"1991","unstructured":"Blakely, G., S. Colloms, G. May, M. Burke, and D. Sherratt. 1991. Escherichia coli XerC recombinase is required for chromosomal segregation at cell division. New Biol. 3:789-798.","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80076-Q","volume":"75","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blakely, G., G. May, R. McCulloch, L. K. Arciszewska, M. Burke, S. T. Lovett, and D. J. Sherratt. 1993. Two related recombinases are required for site-specific recombination at dif and cer in E. coli K12. Cell 75:351-361.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.10.6.762","volume":"10","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blakely, G., and D. Sherratt. 1996. Determinants of selectivity in Xer site-specific recombination. Genes Dev. 10:762-773.","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0709","volume":"265","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blakely, G. W., A. O. Davidson, and D. J. Sherratt. 1997. Binding and cleavage of nicked substrates by site-specific recombinases XerC and XerD. J. Mol. Biol. 265:30-39.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.14.9930","volume":"275","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blakely, G. W., A. O. Davidson, and D. J. Sherratt. 2000. Sequential strand exchange by XerC and XerD during site-specific recombination at dif. J. Biol. Chem. 275:9930-9936.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.25.5613","volume":"22","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blakely, G. W., and D. J. Sherratt. 1994. Interactions of the site-specific recombinases XerC and XerD with the recombination site dif. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5613-5620.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)00890-5","volume":"155","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boyle-Vavra, S., and H. S. Seifert. 1995. Shuttle mutagenesis: a mini-transposon for producing PhoA fusions with exported proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gene 155:101-106.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.8.2812-2820.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006531","volume":"4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carnoy, C., and C. A. Roten. 2009. The dif\/Xer recombination systems in proteobacteria. PLoS One 4:e6531.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90229-8","volume":"178","year":"1984","unstructured":"Clerget, M. 1984. A 140 base-pair DNA segment from the kanamycin resistance region of plasmid R1 acts as an origin of replication and promotes site-specific recombination. J. Mol. Biol. 178:35-46.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"780","volume":"3","year":"1991","unstructured":"Clerget, M. 1991. Site-specific recombination promoted by a short DNA segment of plasmid R1 and by a homologous segment in the terminus region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. New Biol. 3:780-788.","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2752-2757.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.11.3188-3195.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02520.x","volume":"41","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dillard, J. P., and H. S. Seifert. 2001. A variable genetic island specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in providing DNA for natural transformation and is found more often in disseminated infection isolates. Mol. Microbiol. 41:263-277.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"509","volume":"251","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gunn, J. S., and D. C. Stein. 1996. Use of a nonselective transformation technique to construct a multiply restriction\/modification-deficient mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251:509-517.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.641","volume":"54","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hacker, J., and J. B. Kaper. 2000. Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:641-679.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4718-4726.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00782","volume":"417","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huber, K. E., and M. K. Waldor. 2002. Filamentous phage integration requires the host recombinases XerC and XerD. Nature 417:656-659.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00238-3","volume":"236","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnston, D. M., and J. G. Cannon. 1999. Construction of mutant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lacking new antibiotic markers using a two gene cassette with positive and negative selection. Gene 236:179-184.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.145.3.1365-1373.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.6.1274-1279.1963","volume":"85","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kellogg, D. S., Jr., W. L. Peacock, Jr., W. E. Deacon, L. Brown, and C. L. Pirkle. 1963. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J. Bacteriol. 85:1274-1279.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28125-0","volume":"151","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kohler, P. L., K. A. Cloud, K. T. Hackett, E. T. Beck, and J. P. Dillard. 2005. Characterization of the role of LtgB, a putative lytic transglycosylase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiology 151:3081-3088.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00531-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"799","volume":"3","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kuempel, P. L., J. M. Henson, L. Dircks, M. Tecklenburg, and D. F. Lim. 1991. dif, a recA-independent recombination site in the terminus region of the chromosome of Escherichia coli. New Biol. 3:799-811.","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07142.x","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leslie, N. R., and D. J. Sherratt. 1995. Site-specific recombination in the replication terminus region of Escherichia coli: functional replacement of dif. EMBO J. 14:1561-1570.","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.10.3086-3096.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-145-38025","volume":"145","year":"1974","unstructured":"Morse, S. A., and L. Bartenstein. 1974. Factors affecting autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145:1418-1421.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00562-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.23.6893-6901.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.20.5724","volume":"18","year":"1999","unstructured":"Recchia, G. D., M. Aroyo, D. Wolf, G. Blakely, and D. J. Sherratt. 1999. FtsK-dependent and -independent pathways of Xer site-specific recombination. EMBO J. 18:5724-5734.","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90435-9","volume":"77","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rothfield, L. I. 1994. Bacterial chromosome segregation. Cell 77:963-966.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05966.x","volume":"66","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salgado-Pab\u00f3n, W., S. Jain, N. Turner, C. van der Does, and J. P. Dillard. 2007. A novel relaxase homologue is involved in chromosomal DNA processing for type IV secretion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol. Microbiol. 66:930-947.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00810-4","volume":"188","year":"1997","unstructured":"Seifert, H. S. 1997. Insertionally inactivated and inducible recA alleles for use in Neisseria. Gene 188:215-220.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.4183-4186.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27925-0","volume":"151","year":"2005","unstructured":"Snyder, L. A., S. A. Jarvis, and N. J. Saunders. 2005. Complete and variant forms of the \u2018gonococcal genetic island\u2019 in Neisseria meningitidis. Microbiology 151:4005-4013.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.23.6269-6275.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90060-6","volume":"36","year":"1984","unstructured":"Summers, D. K., and D. J. Sherratt. 1984. Multimerization of high copy number plasmids causes instability: CoIE1 encodes a determinant essential for plasmid monomerization and stability. Cell 36:1097-1103.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02884.x","volume":"7","year":"1988","unstructured":"Summers, D. K., and D. J. Sherratt. 1988. Resolution of ColE1 dimers requires a DNA sequence implicated in the three-dimensional organization of the cer site. EMBO J. 7:851-858.","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.136.5.1258","volume":"136","year":"1972","unstructured":"Swanson, J. 1972. Studies on gonococcus infection. II. Freeze-fracture, freeze-etch studies on gonococci. J. Exp. Med. 136:1258-1271.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"333","volume":"29","year":"1977","unstructured":"Westling-H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, B., T. Elmros, S. Normark, and B. Winblad. 1977. Growth pattern and cell division in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Bacteriol. 29:333-342.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.2.464-468.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00228-10"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00948-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00948-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:21:07Z","timestamp":1627579267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00948-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00948-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00948-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}