{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:10:17Z","timestamp":1784175017239,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            So far attenuation of pathogens has been mainly obtained by chemical or heat treatment of microbial pathogens. Recently, live attenuated strains have been produced by genetic modification. We have previously demonstrated that in several prokaryotes as well as in yeasts and mammalian cells the heat shock response is controlled by the membrane physical state (MPS). We have also shown that in\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar Typhimurium LT2 (\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            Typhimurium) overexpression of a \u0394\n            <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n            -desaturase gene alters the MPS, inducing a sharp impairment of transcription of major heat shock genes and failure of the pathogen to grow inside macrophage (M\u03a6) (A. Porta et al., J. Bacteriol. 192:1988-1998, 2010). Here, we show that overexpression of a homologous \u0394\n            <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n            -desaturase sequence in the highly virulent G217B strain of the human fungal pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            causes loss of its ability to survive and persist within murine M\u03a6 along with the impairment of the heat shock response. When the attenuated strain of\n            <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            was injected in a mouse model of infection, it did not cause disease. Further, treated mice were protected when challenged with the virulent fungal parental strain. Attenuation of virulence in M\u03a6 of two evolutionarily distant pathogens was obtained by genetic modification of the MPS, suggesting that this is a new method that may be used to produce attenuation or loss of virulence in both other intracellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. This new procedure to generate attenuated forms of pathogens may be used eventually to produce a novel class of vaccines based on the genetic manipulation of a pathogen's membrane fluid state and stress response.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00990-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,6]],"date-time":"2010-02-06T02:10:02Z","timestamp":1265422202000},"page":"1999-2005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Changes in Membrane Fluid State and Heat Shock Response Cause Attenuation of Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Porta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioMedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Center for NANO_MATES, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Eletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioMedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"To\u0308ro\u0308k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Franceschelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioMedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Glatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u0301szlo\u0301","family":"Vi\u0301gh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Maresca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioMedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Center for NANO_MATES, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.01.009","volume":"153","year":"2007","unstructured":"Acharya, P., R. 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