{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:44:45Z","timestamp":1769021085617,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores, the infectious agents of anthrax, are notoriously difficult to remove from contaminated areas because they are resistant to many eradication methods. These resistance properties are due to the spore's dehydration and dormancy and to the multiple protective layers surrounding the spore core, one of which is the cortex. In order for\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores to germinate and resume growth, the cortex peptidoglycan must be depolymerized. This study reports on analyses of\n            <jats:italic>sleL<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>yaaH)<\/jats:italic>\n            , which encodes a cortex-lytic enzyme. The inactivation of\n            <jats:italic>sleL<\/jats:italic>\n            does not affect vegetative growth, spore viability, or the initial stages of germination, including dipicolinic acid release. However, mutant spores exhibit a slight delay in the loss of optical density compared to that of wild-type spores. Mutants also retain more diaminopimelic acid and\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylmuramic acid during germination than wild-type spores, suggesting that the cortex peptidoglycan is not being hydrolyzed as rapidly. This finding is supported by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of the peptidoglycan structure used to confirm that SleL acts as an\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylglucosaminidase. When\n            <jats:italic>sleL<\/jats:italic>\n            is inactivated, the cortex peptidoglycan is not depolymerized into small muropeptides but instead is retained within the spore as large fragments. In the absence of the\n            <jats:italic>sleL<\/jats:italic>\n            -encoded\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylglucosaminidase, other cortex-lytic enzymes break down the cortex peptidoglycan sufficiently to allow rapid germination and outgrowth.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01054-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,4]],"date-time":"2008-10-04T01:09:11Z","timestamp":1223082551000},"page":"7601-7607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            SleL (YaaH) Protein Is an\n            <i>N<\/i>\n            -Acetylglucosaminidase Involved in Spore Cortex Depolymerization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Popham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-5-1033","volume":"145","year":"1999","unstructured":"Atrih, A., G. Bacher, R. Korner, G. Allmaier, and S. J. Foster. 1999. Structural analysis of Bacillus megaterium KM spore peptidoglycan and its dynamics during germination. Microbiology 145 : 1033-1041.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.21.6173-6183.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.17.4603-4612.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1219-1224.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00723-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-1-57","volume":"146","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boland, F. M., A. Atrih, H. Chirakkal, S. J. Foster, and A. Moir. 2000. Complete spore-cortex hydrolysis during germination of Bacillus subtilis 168 requires SleB and YpeB. Microbiology 146 : 57-64.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06211.x","volume":"68","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buist, G., A. Steen, J. Kok, and O. P. Kuipers. 2008. LysM, a widely distributed protein motif for binding to (peptido)glycans. Mol. Microbiol. 68 : 838-847.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.6.1499-1506.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-8-2383","volume":"148","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chirakkal, H., M. O'Rourke, A. Atrih, S. J. Foster, and A. Moir. 2002. Analysis of spore cortex lytic enzymes and related proteins in Bacillus subtilis endospore germination. Microbiology 148 : 2383-2392.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"458","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cleveland, E. F., and C. Gilvarg. 1975. Selective degradation of peptidoglycan from Bacillus megaterium spores during germination, p. 458-464. In P. Gerhardt, R. N. Costilow, and H. L. Sadoff (ed.), Spores VI. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.","journal-title":"Spores VI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00249-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.8055-8062.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02888.x","volume":"101","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gould, G. W. 2006. History of science\u2014spores. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101 : 507-513.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.01.006","volume":"15","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guan, R., and R. A. Mariuzza. 2007. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins of the innate immune system. Trends Microbiol. 15 : 127-134.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-006-0430-x","volume":"54","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hu, K., H. Yang, G. Liu, and H. Tan. 2007. Cloning and identification of a gene encoding spore cortex-lytic enzyme in Bacillus thuringiensis. Curr. Microbiol. 54 : 292-295.","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.6.1375-1380.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1949-1953.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1974.tb00438.x","volume":"37","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kim, H. U., and J. M. Goepfert. 1974. A sporulation medium for Bacillus anthracis. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 37 : 265-267.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.15.4584-4591.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022798","volume":"128","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kodama, T., H. Takamatsu, K. Asai, N. Ogasawara, Y. Sadaie, and K. Watabe. 2000. Synthesis and characterization of the spore proteins of Bacillus subtilis YdhD, YkuD, and YkvP, which carry a motif conserved among cell wall binding proteins. J. Biochem. 128 : 655-663.","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.48.4.726-731.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.132.3426.544","volume":"132","year":"1960","unstructured":"Lewis, J. C., N. S. Snell, and H. K. Burr. 1960. Water permeability of bacterial spores and the concept of a contractile cortex. Science 132 : 544-545.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.1.164-178.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-6-1403","volume":"140","year":"1994","unstructured":"Makino, S., N. Ito, T. Inoue, S. Miyata, and R. Moriyama. 1994. A spore-lytic enzyme released from Bacillus cereus spores during germination. Microbiology 140 : 1403-1410.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"RA119","volume":"8","year":"2002","unstructured":"Makino, S., and R. Moriyama. 2002. Hydrolysis of cortex peptidoglycan during bacterial spore germination. Med. Sci. Monit. 8 : RA119-127.","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D237","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl951","volume":"35","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marchler-Bauer, A., J. B. Anderson, M. K. Derbyshire, C. DeWeese-Scott, N. R. Gonzales, M. Gwadz, L. Hao, S. He, D. I. Hurwitz, J. D. Jackson, Z. Ke, D. Krylov, C. J. Lanczycki, C. A. Liebert, C. Liu, F. Lu, S. Lu, G. H. Marchler, M. Mullokandov, J. S. Song, N. Thanki, R. A. Yamashita, J. J. Yin, D. Zhang, and S. H. Bryant. 2007. CDD: a conserved domain database for interactive domain family analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 : D237-D240.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.81.163","volume":"81","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masayama, A., H. Fukuoka, S. Kato, T. Yoshimura, M. Moriyama, and R. Moriyama. 2006. Subcellular localization of a germination-specific cortex-lytic enzyme, SleB, of Bacilli during sporulation. Genes Genet. Syst. 81 : 163-169.","journal-title":"Genes Genet. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.16.4491-4499.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","volume":"55","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mock, M., and A. Fouet. 2001. Anthrax. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55 : 647-671.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.002531","volume":"44","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moir, A., and D. A. Smith. 1990. The genetics of bacterial spore germination. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44 : 531-553.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.8.2373-2378.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.20.6059-6063.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.17.5330-5332.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"391","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nicholson, W. L., and P. Setlow. 1990. Sporulation, germination, and outgrowth, p. 391-450. In C. R. Hartwood and S. M. Cutting (ed.), Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.","journal-title":"Molecular biological methods for Bacillus."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.6.3172-3175.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01628.x","volume":"8","year":"1993","unstructured":"Perez-Casal, J., J. A. Price, E. Maguin, and J. R. Scott. 1993. An M protein with a single C repeat prevents phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes: use of a temperature-sensitive shuttle vector to deliver homologous sequences to the chromosome of S. pyogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 8 : 809-819.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.1.126-132.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.22.6451-6458.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15405","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.26.15405","volume":"93","year":"1996","unstructured":"Popham, D. L., J. Helin, C. E. Costello, and P. Setlow. 1996. Muramic lactam in peptidoglycan of Bacillus subtilis spores is required for spore outgrowth but not for spore dehydration or heat resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 : 15405-15410.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-7-1211","volume":"136","year":"1990","unstructured":"Quinn, C. P., and B. N. Dancer. 1990. Transformation of vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis with plasmid DNA. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 : 1211-1215.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4894-4899.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"217","year":"2000","unstructured":"Setlow, P. 2000. Resistance of bacterial spores, p. 217-230. In G. Storz and R. Hengge-Aronis (ed.), Bacterial stress responses. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.","journal-title":"Bacterial stress responses."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.10.001","volume":"6","year":"2003","unstructured":"Setlow, P. 2003. Spore germination. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6 : 550-556.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"209","year":"1985","unstructured":"Warth, A. D. 1985. Mechanisms of heat resistance, p. 209-225. In G. J. Dring, D. J. Ellar, and G. W. Gould (ed.), Fundamental and applied aspects of bacterial spores. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Fundamental and applied aspects of bacterial spores."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00758a010","volume":"11","year":"1972","unstructured":"Warth, A. D., and J. L. Strominger. 1972. Structure of the peptidoglycan from spores of Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 11 : 1389-1396.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.64.2.528","volume":"64","year":"1969","unstructured":"Warth, A. D., and J. L. Strominger. 1969. Structure of the peptidoglycan of bacterial spores: occurrence of the lactam of muramic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64 : 528-535.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01054-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01054-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:43:25Z","timestamp":1627580605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.01054-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.01054-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01054-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-09-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}