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During the course of infection, the bacterium must adapt to different host environments as a crucial factor for survival and dissemination; in particular, one of the crucial factors in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>pathogenesis is the ability to grow and survive in human blood. We recently showed that<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>alters the expression of 30% of the open reading frames (ORFs) of the genome during incubation in human whole blood and suggested the presence of fine regulation at the gene expression level in order to control this step of pathogenesis. In this work, we used a customized tiling oligonucleotide microarray to define the changes in the whole transcriptional profile of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>in a time course experiment of<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>bacteremia by incubating bacteria in human whole blood and then recovering RNA at different time points. The application of a newly developed bioinformatic tool to the tiling array data set allowed the identification of new transcripts\u2014small intergenic RNAs,<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>-encoded antisense RNAs, mRNAs with extended 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 untranslated regions (UTRs), and operons\u2014differentially expressed in human blood. Here, we report a panel of expressed small RNAs, some of which can potentially regulate genes involved in bacterial metabolism, and we show, for the first time in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>, extensive antisense transcription activity. This analysis suggests the presence of a circuit of regulatory RNA elements used by<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>to adapt to proliferate in human blood that is worthy of further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01055-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]],"date-time":"2012-09-15T10:26:41Z","timestamp":1347704801000},"page":"6217-6232","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Analysis of the Regulated Transcriptome of Neisseria meningitidis in Human Blood Using a Tiling Array"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Del Tordello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Muzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Serruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AnsongC. 2009. 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