{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:46:26Z","timestamp":1791942386891,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>\n            species include important zoonotic pathogens that have a substantial impact on both agriculture and human health throughout the world. Brucellae are thought of as \u201cstealth pathogens\u201d that escape recognition by the host innate immune response, modulate the acquired immune response, and evade intracellular destruction. We analyzed the genome sequences of members of the family\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucellaceae<\/jats:named-content>\n            to assess its evolutionary history from likely free-living soil-based progenitors into highly successful intracellular pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis split the genus into two groups: recently identified and early-dividing \u201catypical\u201d strains and a highly conserved \u201cclassical\u201d core clade containing the major pathogenic species. Lateral gene transfer events brought unique genomic regions into\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>\n            that differentiated them from\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Ochrobactrum<\/jats:named-content>\n            and allowed the stepwise acquisition of virulence factors that include a type IV secretion system, a perosamine-based O antigen, and systems for sequestering metal ions that are absent in progenitors. Subsequent radiation within the core\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>\n            resulted in lineages that appear to have evolved within their preferred mammalian hosts, restricting their virulence to become stealth pathogens capable of causing long-term chronic infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01091-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,14]],"date-time":"2013-12-14T01:18:08Z","timestamp":1386983888000},"page":"920-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Comparative Phylogenomics and Evolution of the Brucellae Reveal a Path to Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Wattam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrinivasrao P.","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Pathogen Genomics Division, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Pathogen Genomics Division, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan W.","family":"Dickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Pathogen Genomics Division, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talima","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maulik","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doyle V.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno W.","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee M.","family":"Tsolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Whatmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health &amp; 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