{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:00:20Z","timestamp":1790989220068,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are multicomponent machineries involved in the translocation of effector molecules across the bacterial cell envelope. The<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>operon of<jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>codes for a T4SS that is essential for virulence and intracellular multiplication of the bacterium in the host. Previous studies showed that the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>operon of<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>is tightly regulated within the host cells. In order to identify factors implicated in the control of<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>expression, we searched for proteins of<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>that directly bind to the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>promoter (P<jats:sub><jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>). Using different procedures, we isolated a 27-kDa protein that binds specifically to P<jats:sub><jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>. This protein was identified as HutC, the transcriptional repressor of the histidine utilization (<jats:italic>hut<\/jats:italic>) genes. Analyses of<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>hut<\/jats:italic>promoter activity revealed that HutC exerts two different roles: it acts as a coactivator of transcription of the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>operon, whereas it represses the<jats:italic>hut<\/jats:italic>genes. Such activities were observed both intracellularly and in bacteria incubated under conditions that resemble the intracellular environment. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting experiments revealed the structure, affinity, and localization of the HutC-binding sites and supported the regulatory role of HutC in both<jats:italic>hut<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>promoters. Taken together, these results indicate that<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>coopted the function of HutC to coordinate the Hut pathway with transcriptional regulation of the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>genes, probably as a way to sense its own metabolic state and develop adaptive responses to overcome intracellular host defenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01124-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,24]],"date-time":"2009-10-24T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1256346580000},"page":"217-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Metabolic Control of Virulence Genes in<i>Brucella abortus<\/i>: HutC Coordinates<i>virB<\/i>Expression and the Histidine Utilization Pathway by Direct Binding to Both Promoters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Sieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolo\u0301gicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Marti\u0301n, IIB-INTECH-CONICET, San Marti\u0301n 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gasto\u0301n M.","family":"Arocena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolo\u0301gicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Marti\u0301n, IIB-INTECH-CONICET, San Marti\u0301n 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Bukata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolo\u0301gicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Marti\u0301n, IIB-INTECH-CONICET, San Marti\u0301n 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego J.","family":"Comerci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolo\u0301gicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Marti\u0301n, IIB-INTECH-CONICET, San Marti\u0301n 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Comisio\u0301n Nacional de Energi\u0301a Ato\u0301mica, Divisio\u0301n Agropecuaria, Centro Ato\u0301mico Ezeiza 1804, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo A.","family":"Ugalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolo\u0301gicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Marti\u0301n, IIB-INTECH-CONICET, San Marti\u0301n 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032514299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00135-1","volume":"57","year":"1997","unstructured":"Broughton, E. 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