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To test the functions of MMC in the obligate human pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , homologues of the core MMC genes\n            <jats:italic>mutS<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>mutL<\/jats:italic>\n            were inactivated in strain FA1090. No\n            <jats:italic>mutH<\/jats:italic>\n            homologue was found in the FA1090 genome, suggesting that gonococcal MMC is not methyl directed. MMC mutants were compared to a mutant in\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            , the helicase that functions with MMC in\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            . Inactivation of MMC or\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            increased spontaneous resistance to rifampin and nalidixic acid, and MMC\/\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            double mutants exhibited higher mutation frequencies than any single mutant. Loss of MMC marginally enhanced the transformation efficiency of DNA carrying a single nucleotide mismatch but not that of DNA with a 1-kb insertion. Unlike the exquisite UV sensitivity of the\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant, inactivating MMC did not affect survival after UV irradiation. MMC and\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants exhibited increased PilC-dependent pilus phase variation.\n            <jats:italic>mutS-<\/jats:italic>\n            deficient gonococci underwent an increased frequency of pilin antigenic variation, whereas\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            had no effect. Recombination tracts in the\n            <jats:italic>mutS<\/jats:italic>\n            pilin variants were longer than in parental gonococci but utilized the same donor\n            <jats:italic>pilS<\/jats:italic>\n            loci. These results show that gonococcal MMC repairs mismatches and small insertion\/deletions in DNA and also affects the recombination events underlying pilin antigenic variation. The differential effects of MMC and\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            in gonococci unexpectedly reveal that MMC can function independently of\n            <jats:italic>uvrD<\/jats:italic>\n            in this human-specific pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01228-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,24]],"date-time":"2009-10-24T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1256346580000},"page":"316-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Mismatch Correction Modulates Mutation Frequency and Pilus Phase and Antigenic Variation in\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Alison K.","family":"Criss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Bonney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda A.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Duffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"LeCuyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Steven","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00173.x","volume":"33","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ambur, O. H., T. Davidsen, S. A. Frye, S. V. Balasingham, K. Lagesen, T. Rognes, and T. Tonjum. 2009. Genome dynamics in major bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 33 : 453-470.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.3.730-739.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(03)00041-4","volume":"6","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chopra, I., A. J. O'Neill, and K. Miller. 2003. 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