{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:04:24Z","timestamp":1791759864166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]],"date-time":"2009-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1245024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Pathogenic bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the human immune system and have developed widespread resistance to traditional antibiotics. We studied the human pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n            and present evidence of novel mechanisms of resistance to the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. We found that bacteria attached to host epithelial cells are resistant to 10 \u03bcM LL-37 whereas bacteria in solution or attached to plastic are killed, indicating that the cell microenvironment protects bacteria. The bacterial endotoxin lipooligosaccharide and the polysaccharide capsule contribute to LL-37 resistance, probably by preventing LL-37 from reaching the bacterial membrane, as more LL-37 reaches the bacterial membrane on both lipooligosaccharide-deficient and capsule-deficient mutants whereas both mutants are also more susceptible to LL-37 killing than the wild-type strain.\n            <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria respond to sublethal doses of LL-37 and upregulate two of their capsule genes,\n            <jats:italic>siaC<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>siaD<\/jats:italic>\n            , which further results in upregulation of capsule biosynthesis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01313-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,18]],"date-time":"2009-04-18T01:07:23Z","timestamp":1240016843000},"page":"3861-3868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Endotoxin, Capsule, and Bacterial Attachment Contribute to\n            <i>Neisseria meningitidis<\/i>\n            Resistance to the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Allison","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Biochemistry, Office of Laboratory and Scientific Services, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Geo\u0308rg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maudsdotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Beth","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.155-162.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00530.x","volume":"7","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergman, P., L. 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