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To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which H-NS controls transcription of the\n                    <jats:italic>ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    operon, H-NS repression and binding were characterized by using a promoter truncation series, gel mobility shift assays, and DNase I footprinting. Promoter regions found to be important for H-NS repression correlated with\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    binding. Four main H-NS binding regions are present at\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    . One region overlaps the high-affinity ToxT binding site and extends upstream, another overlaps the ToxT low-affinity binding site around the \u221235 element, and the remaining two are located adjacent to one another downstream of the transcriptional start site. Competition for binding to the overlapping H-NS\/ToxT binding sites was observed in gel mobility shift assays, where ToxT was found to displace H-NS from the\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter region. In addition, regulatory differences between the\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoters were examined. H-NS was found to have a higher relative binding affinity for the\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter than for the\n                    <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In contrast to ToxT-dependent activation of the\n                    <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter, ToxT activation of\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not require the C-terminal domain of the \u03b1-subunit of RNA polymerase. These findings demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    by H-NS and ToxT is mechanistically distinct, and this may lead to important differences in the expression of these coregulated genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01343-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]],"date-time":"2010-12-17T23:18:24Z","timestamp":1292627904000},"page":"979-988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["H-NS Binding and Repression of the\n                    <i>ctx<\/i>\n                    Promoter in\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Stonehouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin R.","family":"Hulbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda B.","family":"Nye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.17.4959-4969.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1233","volume":"14","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bouffartigues, E., M. 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