{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:21:30Z","timestamp":1789543290984,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the etiologic agent of chancroid, expresses variants of several key virulence factors. While previous reports suggested that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains formed two clonal populations, the differences between, and diversity within, these populations were unclear. To assess their variability, we examined sequence diversity at 11\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            loci, including virulence and housekeeping genes, augmenting published data sets with PCR-amplified genes to acquire data for at least 10 strains at each locus. While sequences from all 11 loci place strains into two distinct groups, there was very little variation within each group. The difference between alleles of the two groups was variable and large at 3 loci encoding surface-exposed proteins (0.4 &lt;\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 1.3, where\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            is divergence at synonymous sites) but consistently small at genes encoding cytoplasmic or periplasmic proteins (\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.09). The data suggest that the two classes have recently diverged, that recombination has introduced variant alleles into at least 3 distinct loci, and that these alleles have been confined to one of the two classes. In addition, recombination is evident among alleles within, but not between, classes. Rather than clones of the same species, these properties indicate that the two classes may form distinct species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01400-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,23]],"date-time":"2011-04-23T03:32:04Z","timestamp":1303529524000},"page":"2941-2947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Rapid Divergence of Two Classes of Haemophilus ducreyi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Ricotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa"},{"name":"Present address: Remsen 153, 3400 N. Charles Street, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa"},{"name":"Present address: Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey G.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia L.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2224-2232.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.53.4.377-389.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01422-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150118398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.6.2002-2013.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.22.7257-7268.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2412867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.1.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00217-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00675-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.4.993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-9-2599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.18.5238-5250.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200111000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1988.0059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/99.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes","volume":"2","author":"Li W. 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