{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:40:29Z","timestamp":1791312029409,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            gene of several\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species encodes a small sigma factor-like protein that acts as an activator of several pathway-specific regulatory genes (e.g.,\n            <jats:italic>actII<\/jats:italic>\n            -ORF4 and\n            <jats:italic>redD<\/jats:italic>\n            in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptomyces coelicolor<\/jats:named-content>\n            ). The two pleiotropic regulators AfsR and PhoP bind to overlapping sequences in the \u221235 region of the\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter and control its expression. Using mutated\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            promoters containing specific point mutations in the AfsR and PhoP binding sequences, we proved that the overlapping recognition sequences for AfsR and PhoP are displaced by 1 nucleotide. Different nucleotide positions are important for binding of AfsR or PhoP, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and by reporter studies using the\n            <jats:italic>luxAB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene coupled to the different promoters. Mutant promoter M5 (with a nucleotide change at position 5 of the consensus box) binds AfsR but not PhoP with high affinity (named \u201csuperAfsR\u201d). Expression of the\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            gene from this promoter led to overproduction of actinorhodin. Mutant promoter M16 binds PhoP with extremely high affinity (\u201csuperPhoP\u201d). Studies with \u0394\n            <jats:italic>afsR<\/jats:italic>\n            and \u0394\n            <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants (lacking AfsR and PhoP, respectively) showed that both global regulators are competitive transcriptional activators of\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            . AfsR has greater influence on expression of\n            <jats:italic>afsS<\/jats:italic>\n            than PhoP, as shown by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and promoter reporter (luciferase) studies. These two high-level regulators appear to integrate different nutritional signals (particularly phosphate limitation sensed by PhoR),\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            -adenosylmethionine, and other still unknown environmental signals (leading to AfsR phosphorylation) for the AfsS-mediated control of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01462-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,5]],"date-time":"2011-03-05T13:51:34Z","timestamp":1299333094000},"page":"2242-2251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Complex Transcriptional Control of the Antibiotic Regulator\n            <i>afsS<\/i>\n            in Streptomyces: PhoP and AfsR Are Overlapping, Competitive Activators"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Santos-Beneit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda de Le\u00f3n, INBIOTEC, Parque Cient\u00edfico de Le\u00f3n, Av. 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