{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:43:14Z","timestamp":1787499794105,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]],"date-time":"2009-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To understand the rates and mechanisms of\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene variation, the 11\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were amplified independently so that an\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    allelic profile could be defined for any isolate from the sequences at each locus. The\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    allelic profiles from 14 unrelated isolates were all different, with no\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles shared between isolates. Examination of very closely related isolates from sexual contacts and sexual networks showed that these typically shared most\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles, and the mechanisms by which recent changes occurred at individual\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    loci could be determined. The great majority of changes were due to recombination among existing alleles that duplicated an\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele present at another locus or resulted in a mosaic of existing\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles. Single nucleotide changes or insertion\/deletion of a single codon also occurred, but few of these events were assigned to mutation, the majority being assigned to localized recombination. Introduction of novel\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes from coinfecting strains was rare, and all but one were observed in the same sexual network. Changes at\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    loci occurred at a greater rate than those at the porin locus, and the\n                    <jats:italic>opa11<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus changed more rapidly than other\n                    <jats:italic>opa<\/jats:italic>\n                    loci, almost always differing even between recent sexual contacts. Examination of the neighboring\n                    <jats:italic>pilE<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene showed that changes at\n                    <jats:italic>opa11<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pilE<\/jats:italic>\n                    often occurred together, although this linkage may not be a causal one.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01518-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1230591013000},"page":"1878-1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Relative Contributions of Recombination and Mutation to the Diversification of the\n                    <i>opa<\/i>\n                    Gene Repertoire of\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Bilek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Ison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Bacteria Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Spratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90043-0","volume":"7","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aho, E. 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