{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:56:58Z","timestamp":1791125818027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Brucellae are worldwide bacterial pathogens of livestock and wildlife, but phylogenetic reconstructions have been challenging due to limited genetic diversity. We assessed the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of five\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            species\u2014\n            <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>B. ovis<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014using whole-genome comparisons. We developed a phylogeny using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 13 genomes and rooted the tree using the closely related soil bacterium and opportunistic human pathogen,\n            <jats:italic>Ochrobactrum anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            . Whole-genome sequencing and a SNP-based approach provided the requisite level of genetic detail to resolve species in the highly conserved brucellae. Comparisons among the\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            genomes revealed 20,154 orthologous SNPs that were shared in all genomes. Rooting with\n            <jats:italic>Ochrobactrum anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            reveals that the\n            <jats:italic>B. ovis<\/jats:italic>\n            lineage is basal to the rest of the\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            lineage. We found that\n            <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>\n            is a highly divergent clade with extensive intraspecific genetic diversity. Furthermore,\n            <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>\n            was determined to be paraphyletic in our analyses, only forming a monophyletic clade when the\n            <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n            genome was included. Using a molecular clock with these data suggests that most\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            species diverged from their common\n            <jats:italic>B. ovis<\/jats:italic>\n            ancestor in the past 86,000 to 296,000 years, which precedes the domestication of their livestock hosts. Detailed knowledge of the\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            phylogeny will lead to an improved understanding of the ecology, evolutionary history, and host relationships for this genus and can be used for determining appropriate genotyping approaches for rapid detection and diagnostic assays for molecular epidemiological and clinical studies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01581-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1233997279000},"page":"2864-2870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Whole-Genome-Based Phylogeny and Divergence of the Genus\n            <i>Brucella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4073"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4073"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talima","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4073"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4073"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick S. 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