{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:57:26Z","timestamp":1791323846370,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]],"date-time":"2009-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We have identified a clonal complex of\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            present at high frequency in cattle in population samples from several sub-Saharan west-central African countries. This closely related group of bacteria is defined by a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf1) and can be identified by the absence of spacer 30 in the standard spoligotype typing scheme. We have named this group of strains the African 1 (Af1) clonal complex and have defined the spoligotype signature of this clonal complex as being the same as the\n            <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            BCG vaccine strain but with the deletion of spacer 30. Strains of the Af1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in population samples of\n            <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            from cattle in Mali, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Chad, and using a combination of variable-number tandem repeat typing and spoligotyping, we show that the population of\n            <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            in each of these countries is distinct, suggesting that the recent mixing of strains between countries is not common in this area of Africa. Strains with the Af1-specific deletion (RDAf1) were not identified in\n            <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from Algeria, Burundi, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. Furthermore, the spoligotype signature of the Af1 clonal complex has not been identified in population samples of bovine tuberculosis from Europe, Iran, and South America. These observations suggest that the Af1 clonal complex is geographically localized, albeit to several African countries, and we suggest that the dominance of the clonal complex in this region is the result of an original introduction into cows nai\u0308ve to bovine tuberculosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01590-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,10]],"date-time":"2009-01-10T01:49:55Z","timestamp":1231552195000},"page":"1951-1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["African 1, an Epidemiologically Important Clonal Complex of\n            <i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>\n            Dominant in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Borna","family":"Mu\u0308ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Hilty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Carmen","family":"Garcia-Pelayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Laura","family":"Boschiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 de Zoonoses Bacte\u0301riennes, AFSSA-LERPAZ, 23, Avenue du Ge\u0301ne\u0301ral de Gaulle, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Cadmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongo Nare\u0301 Richard","family":"Ngandolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherches Ve\u0301te\u0301rinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N\u2032Djame\u0301na, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Godreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Laboratoire de Bacte\u0301riologie-Virologie, 371, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34294 Montpellier Cedex 5, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette","family":"Diguimbaye-Djaibe\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherches Ve\u0301te\u0301rinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N\u2032Djame\u0301na, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassirou","family":"Bonfoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Co\u0302te d'Ivoire, 01 BP1303 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty M.","family":"Njanpop-Lafourcade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 Epide\u0301miologie et Vaccinologie, Agence de Me\u0301decine Pre\u0301ventive, s\/c Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Sahraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria"},{"name":"Centre Universitaire d'El-Tarf, El-Tarf, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamel","family":"Guetarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret H.","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voahangy Rasolofo","family":"Razanamparany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herimanana","family":"Ramarokoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Dj\u00f8nne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Oloya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Custodia","family":"Mucavele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eystein","family":"Skjerve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francoise","family":"Portaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Rigouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u0301lle","family":"Mu\u0308ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Ka\u0308llenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"van Helden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Glyn","family":"Hewinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Zinsstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, Medicine and Medical Science, and Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QL United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"829","volume":"46","year":"1976","unstructured":"Alhaji, I. 1976. Bovine tuberculosis: a general review with special reference to Nigeria. Vet. Bull. 46 : 829-841.","journal-title":"Vet. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01775-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.01.007","volume":"86","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amanfu, W. 2006. The situation of tuberculosis and tuberculosis control in animals of economic interest. Tuberculosis 86 : 330-335.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"782","volume":"161","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ameni, G., A. Aseffa, A. Sirak, H. Engers, D. B. Young, R. G. Hewinson, M. H. Vordermeier, and S. V. Gordon. 2007. Effect of skin testing and segregation on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis, and molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis, in Ethiopia. Vet. Rec. 161 : 782-786.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2602-2608.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2734-2740.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"924","volume":"8","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ayele, W. Y., S. D. Neill, J. Zinsstag, M. G. Weiss, and I. Pavlik. 2004. Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8 : 924-937.","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5568-5578.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700869104","volume":"104","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brosch, R., S. V. Gordon, T. Garnier, K. Eiglmeier, W. Frigui, P. Valenti, S. Dos Santos, S. Duthoy, C. Lacroix, C. Garcia-Pelayo, J. K. Inwald, P. Golby, J. N. Garcia, R. G. Hewinson, M. A. Behr, M. A. Quail, C. Churcher, B. G. Barrell, J. Parkhill, and S. T. Cole. 2007. Genome plasticity of BCG and impact on vaccine efficacy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 : 5596-5601.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052548299","volume":"99","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brosch, R., S. V. Gordon, M. Marmiesse, P. Brodin, C. Buchrieser, K. Eiglmeier, T. Garnier, C. Gutierrez, G. Hewinson, K. Kremer, L. M. Parsons, A. S. Pym, S. Samper, D. van Soolingen, and S. T. Cole. 2002. A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 : 3684-3689.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.29-34.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05179.x","volume":"60","year":"2006","unstructured":"Candela, T., and A. Fouet. 2006. Poly-gamma-glutamate in bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 60 : 1091-1098.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-083","volume":"51","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cobos-Marin, L., J. Montes-Vargas, M. Zumarraga, A. Cataldi, M. I. Romano, I. Estrada-Garcia, and J. A. Gonzalez-y-Merchand. 2005. Spoligotype analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Northern Mexico. Can. J. Microbiol. 51 : 996-1000.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980108","volume":"4","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cosivi, O., J. M. Grange, C. J. Daborn, M. C. Raviglione, T. Fujikura, D. Cousins, R. A. Robinson, H. F. Huchzermeyer, I. de Kantor, and F. X. Meslin. 1998. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 : 59-70.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.14.3.875","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cosivi, O., F. X. Meslin, C. J. Daborn, and J. M. Grange. 1995. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, with particular reference to Africa. Rev. Sci. Technol. 14 : 733-746.","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050691","volume":"12","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diguimbaye-Djaibe, C., M. Hilty, R. Ngandolo, H. H. Mahamat, G. E. Pfyffer, F. Baggi, G. Hewinson, M. Tanner, J. Zinsstag, and E. Schelling. 2006. Mycobacterium bovis isolates from tuberculous lesions in Chadian zebu carcasses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 : 769-771.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.02.012","volume":"130","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duarte, E. L., M. Domingos, A. Amado, and A. Botelho. 2008. Spoligotype diversity of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae animal isolates. Vet. Microbiol. 130 : 415-421.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.17221\/7890-VETMED","volume":"46","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dvorsk\u00e1, L., M. Barto\u0161, G. Martin, W. Erler, and I. Pavl\u00edk. 2001. Strategies for differentiation, identification and typing of medically important species of mycobacteria by molecular methods. Vet. Med. (Prague) 46 : 309-328.","journal-title":"Vet. Med. (Prague)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60598-4","volume":"369","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans, J. T., E. G. Smith, A. Banerjee, R. M. Smith, J. Dale, J. A. Innes, D. Hunt, A. Tweddell, A. Wood, C. Anderson, R. G. Hewinson, N. H. Smith, P. M. Hawkey, and P. Sonnenberg. 2007. Cluster of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis: evidence for person-to-person transmission in the UK. Lancet 369 : 1270-1276.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.8.2102-2109.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"464","volume":"64","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fokou, G., T. Haller, and J. Zinsstag. 2004. Identification of institutional factors affecting the well-being of sedentary and nomadic populations living in the Waza-Logone flood plain along the border between Cameroon and Chad. Med. Trop. 64 : 464-468.","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-5-1189","volume":"144","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frothingham, R., and W. A. Meeker-O'Connell. 1998. Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats. Microbiology 144 : 1189-1196.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511240103","volume":"103","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gagneux, S., K. Deriemer, T. Van, M. Kato-Maeda, B. C. de Jong, S. Narayanan, M. Nicol, S. Niemann, K. Kremer, M. C. Gutierrez, M. Hilty, P. C. Hopewell, and P. M. Small. 2006. Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 : 2869-2873.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70108-1","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gagneux, S., and P. M. Small. 2007. Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7 : 328-337.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2003.12.002","volume":"84","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garcia-Pelayo, M. C., K. C. Caimi, J. K. Inwald, J. Hinds, F. Bigi, M. I. Romano, D. van Soolingen, R. G. Hewinson, A. Cataldi, and S. V. Gordon. 2004. Microarray analysis of Mycobacterium microti reveals deletion of genes encoding PE-PPE proteins and ESAT-6 family antigens. Tuberculosis 84 : 159-166.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1130426100","volume":"100","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garnier, T., K. Eiglmeier, J. C. Camus, N. Medina, H. Mansoor, M. Pryor, S. Duthoy, S. Grondin, C. Lacroix, C. Monsempe, S. Simon, B. Harris, R. Atkin, J. Doggett, R. Mayes, L. Keating, P. R. Wheeler, J. Parkhill, B. G. Barrell, S. T. Cole, S. V. Gordon, and R. G. Hewinson. 2003. The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium bovis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 : 7877-7882.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00976.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.1533","volume":"162","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gutacker, M. M., J. C. Smoot, C. A. Migliaccio, S. M. Ricklefs, S. Hua, D. V. Cousins, E. A. Graviss, E. Shashkina, B. N. Kreiswirth, and J. M. Musser. 2002. Genome-wide analysis of synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms: resolution of genetic relationships among closely related microbial strains. Genetics 162 : 1533-1543.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3623-3632.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069878","volume":"296","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hanotte, O., D. G. Bradley, J. W. Ochieng, Y. Verjee, E. W. Hill, and J. E. Rege. 2002. African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 296 : 336-339.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.050","volume":"112","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hewinson, R. G., H. M. Vordermeier, N. H. Smith, and S. V. Gordon. 2006. Recent advances in our knowledge of Mycobacterium bovis: a feeling for the organism. Vet. Microbiol. 112 : 127-139.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.05.017","volume":"109","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hilty, M., C. Diguimbaye, E. Schelling, F. Baggi, M. Tanner, and J. Zinsstag. 2005. Evaluation of the discriminatory power of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of Mycobacterium bovis strains. Vet. Microbiol. 109 : 217-222.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01783-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.026","volume":"112","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kazwala, R. R., L. J. Kusiluka, K. Sinclair, J. M. Sharp, and C. J. Daborn. 2006. The molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in Tanzania. Vet. Microbiol. 112 : 201-210.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235327","volume":"10","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kilgour, V., and D. G. Godfrey. 1978. The influence of lorry transport on the Trypanosoma vivax infection rate in Nigerian trade cattle. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 10 : 145-148.","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3070-3077.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.5.1274-1282.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710275200","volume":"283","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malaga, W., P. Constant, D. Euphrasie, A. Cataldi, M. Daffe, J. M. Reyrat, and C. Guilhot. 2008. Deciphering the genetic bases of the structural diversity of phenolic glycolipids in strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J. Biol. Chem. 283 : 15177-15184.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"79","year":"1996","unstructured":"Martin, A., P. Bonnet, D. Bourzat, R. Lancelot, and P. Souvenir. 1996. Importance of livestock production and its economic contribution to the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, p. 79-96. In I. de Zborowski (ed.), Atlas d'\u00e9levage du Bassin du Lac Tchad. CITA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.","journal-title":"Atlas d'\u00e9levage du Bassin du Lac Tchad."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.05.004","volume":"88","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meyer, C. G., G. Scarisbrick, S. Niemann, E. N. Browne, M. A. Chinbuah, J. Gyapong, I. Osei, E. Owusu-Dabo, T. Kubica, S. Rusch-Gerdes, T. Thye, and R. D. Horstmann. 2008. Pulmonary tuberculosis: virulence of Mycobacterium africanum and relevance in HIV co-infection. Tuberculosis 88 : 482-489.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.015","volume":"126","year":"2008","unstructured":"Michel, A. L., T. M. Hlokwe, M. L. Coetzee, L. Mare, L. Connoway, V. P. Rutten, and K. Kremer. 2008. High Mycobacterium bovis genetic diversity in a low prevalence setting. Vet. Microbiol. 126 : 151-159.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.04.004","volume":"87","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milian-Suazo, F., B. Harris, C. A. Diaz, C. Romero Torres, T. Stuber, G. A. Ojeda, A. M. Loredo, M. P. Soria, and J. B. Payeur. 2008. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis: usefulness in international trade. Prev Vet. Med. 87 : 261-271.","journal-title":"Prev Vet. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8114","volume":"31","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mishra, G. S., and A. E. N\u2032Depo. 1978. Cysticercus in animals slaughtered in the Port-Bouet abattoir (Abidjan). Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 31 : 431-436.","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.1.104-109.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6386-6395.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-26","volume":"4","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muller, B., B. Steiner, B. Bonfoh, A. Fane, N. H. Smith, and J. Zinsstag. 2008. Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from cattle slaughtered at the Bamako abattoir in Mali. BMC Vet. Res. 4 : 26.","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.09.007","volume":"8","year":"2008","unstructured":"Narayanan, S., S. Gagneux, L. Hari, A. G. Tsolaki, S. Rajasekhar, P. R. Narayanan, P. M. Small, S. Holmes, and K. Deriemer. 2008. Genomic interrogation of ancestral Mycobacterium tuberculosis from south India. Infect. Genet. Evol. 8 : 474-483.","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15594","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604283103","volume":"103","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newton, S. M., R. J. Smith, K. A. Wilkinson, M. P. Nicol, N. J. Garton, K. J. Staples, G. R. Stewart, J. R. Wain, A. R. Martineau, S. Fandrich, T. Smallie, B. Foxwell, A. Al-Obaidi, J. Shafi, K. Rajakumar, B. Kampmann, P. W. Andrew, L. Ziegler-Heitbrock, M. R. Barer, and R. J. Wilkinson. 2006. A deletion defining a common Asian lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis associates with immune subversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 : 15594-15598.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.222-227.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-95","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oloya, J., R. Kazwala, A. Lund, J. Opuda-Asibo, B. Demelash, E. Skjerve, T. B. Johansen, and B. Djonne. 2007. Characterisation of mycobacteria isolated from slaughter cattle in pastoral regions of Uganda. BMC Microbiol. 7 : 95.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.07.013","volume":"110","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parra, A., J. Larrasa, A. Garcia, J. M. Alonso, and J. H. de Mendoza. 2005. Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in wild animals in Spain: a first approach to risk factor analysis. Vet. Microbiol. 110 : 293-300.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.057","volume":"114","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rasolofo Razanamparany, V., R. Quirin, A. Rapaoliarijaona, H. Rakotoaritahina, E. J. Vololonirina, T. Rasolonavalona, S. Ferdinand, C. Sola, N. Rastogi, H. Ramarokoto, and S. Chanteau. 2006. Usefulness of restriction fragment length polymorphism and spoligotyping for epidemiological studies of Mycobacterium bovis in Madagascar: description of new genotypes. Vet. Microbiol. 114 : 115-122.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007205","volume":"135","year":"2007","unstructured":"Renwick, A. R., P. C. White, and R. G. Bengis. 2007. Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host-pathogen system. Epidemiol. Infect. 135 : 529-540.","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90011-8","volume":"77","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rigouts, L., B. Maregeya, H. Traore, J. P. Collart, K. Fissette, and F. Portaels. 1996. Use of DNA restriction fragment typing in the differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from animals and humans in Burundi. Tuber. Lung Dis. 77 : 264-268.","journal-title":"Tuber. Lung Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2766-2771.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2036554100","volume":"100","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, N. H., J. Dale, J. Inwald, S. Palmer, S. V. Gordon, R. G. Hewinson, and J. M. Smith. 2003. The population structure of Mycobacterium bovis in Great Britain: clonal expansion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 : 15271-15275.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1472","volume":"4","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, N. H., S. V. Gordon, R. de la Rua-Domenech, R. S. Clifton-Hadley, and R. G. Hewinson. 2006. Bottlenecks and broomsticks: the molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 : 670-681.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.08.036","volume":"239","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, N. H., K. Kremer, J. Inwald, J. Dale, J. R. Driscoll, S. V. Gordon, D. van Soolingen, R. G. Hewinson, and J. M. Smith. 2006. Ecotypes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J. Theor. Biol. 239 : 220-225.","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2006.01022.x","volume":"53","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tadayon, K., N. Mosavari, A. H. Shahmoradi, F. Sadeghi, A. Azarvandi, and K. Forbes. 2006. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in buffalo in Iran. J. Vet. Med. B 53(Suppl. 1): 41-42.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.047","volume":"112","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thoen, C., P. Lobue, and I. de Kantor. 2006. The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis. Vet. Microbiol. 112 : 339-345.","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","unstructured":"Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans 2nd ed. 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3185-3191.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.51.4.209","volume":"51","year":"1998","unstructured":"van der Zanden, A. G., A. H. Hoentjen, F. G. Heilmann, E. F. Weltevreden, L. M. Schouls, and J. D. van Embden. 1998. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in paraffin wax embedded tissues and in stained microscopic preparations. Mol. Pathol. 51 : 209-214.","journal-title":"Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.9.2393-2401.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4457-4465.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.1.99","volume":"44","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zanella, G., B. Durand, J. Hars, F. Moutou, B. Garin-Bastuji, A. Duvauchelle, M. Ferme, C. Karoui, and M. L. Boschiroli. 2008. Mycobacterium bovis in wildlife in France. J. Wildl. Dis. 44 : 99-108.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.2.296-303.1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01590-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.01590-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:11:06Z","timestamp":1627578666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.01590-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.01590-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01590-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-11-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-01-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}