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Effectors of PV maturation are likely translocated into the host cytosol by a type IV secretion system (T4SS) with homology to the Dot\/Icm apparatus of<jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>. Since secreted bacterial virulence factors often functionally mimic the activities of host proteins, prokaryotic proteins with eukaryotic features are considered candidate T4SS substrates. Genes encoding proteins with eukaryotic-type ankyrin repeat domains (Anks) were identified upon genome sequencing of the<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>Nine Mile reference isolate, which is associated with a case of human acute Q fever. Interestingly, recent genome sequencing of the G and K isolates, derived from human chronic endocarditis patients, and of the Dugway rodent isolate revealed remarkable heterogeneity in the Ank gene family, with the Dugway isolate harboring the largest number of full-length Ank genes. Using<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>as a surrogate host, we identified 10 Dugway Anks and 1 Ank specific to the G and K endocarditis isolates translocated into the host cytosol in a Dot\/Icm-dependent fashion. A 10-amino-acid C-terminal region appeared to be necessary for translocation, with some Anks also requiring the chaperone IcmS for secretion. Ectopically expressed Anks localized to a variety of subcellular regions in mammalian cells, including microtubules, mitochondria, and the PV membrane. Collectively, these data suggest that<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>isolates translocate distinct subsets of the Ank protein family into the host cytosol, where they modulate diverse functions, some of which may be unique to<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>pathotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01656-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,2]],"date-time":"2009-05-02T00:24:49Z","timestamp":1241223889000},"page":"4232-4242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["The<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>Ankyrin Repeat Domain-Containing Protein Family Is Heterogeneous, with C-Terminal Truncations That Influence Dot\/Icm-Mediated Secretion"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Voth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Beare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&amp;M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&amp;M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Heinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00454.x","volume":"7","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abrahams, G. 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