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Both form a stable coculture which is mandatory for\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not for the host\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we investigated interactions and mutual influence between these microorganisms. Fermentation studies revealed that during exponential growth only about 25% of\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells are occupied by\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells (one to three cells). The latter strongly proliferate in the stationary phase of\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , until 80 to 90% of the\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells carry around 10\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells. Furthermore, the expulsion of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S, the major metabolic end product of\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , by strong gas stripping yields huge amounts of free\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells.\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    had no influence on the doubling times, final cell concentrations, and growth temperature, pH, or salt concentration ranges or optima of\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, isolation studies using optical tweezers revealed that infection with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibited the proliferation of individual\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells. This inhibition might be caused by deprivation of the host of cell components like amino acids, as demonstrated by\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-labeling studies. The strong dependence of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    on\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was affirmed by live-dead staining and electron microscopic analyses, which indicated a tight physiological and structural connection between the two microorganisms. No alternative hosts, including other\n                    <jats:italic>Ignicoccus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, were accepted by\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In summary, the data show a highly specialized association of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hospitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    which so far cannot be assigned to a classical symbiosis, commensalism, or parasitism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01731-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,28]],"date-time":"2007-12-28T20:41:24Z","timestamp":1198874484000},"page":"1743-1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["<i>Nanoarchaeum equitans<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Ignicoccus hospitalis<\/i>\n                    : New Insights into a Unique, Intimate Association of Two Archaea"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gallenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Paper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Junglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Eisenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Biochemie, Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl O.","family":"Stetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Rachel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02458-0","volume":"54","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baer, M. 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