{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:49:30Z","timestamp":1790304570855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]],"date-time":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Bacterial genomes with two (or more) chromosome-like replicons are known, and these appear to be particularly frequent in alphaproteobacteria. The genome of the N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -fixing alfalfa symbiont\n Sinorhizobium meliloti<\/jats:named-content>\n 1021 contains a 3.7-Mb chromosome and 1.4-Mb (pSymA) and 1.7-Mb (pSymB) megaplasmids. In this study, the tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n and\n engA<\/jats:italic>\n genes, located on the pSymB megaplasmid, are shown to be essential for growth. These genes could be deleted from pSymB when copies were previously integrated into the chromosome. However, in the closely related strain\n Sinorhizobium fredii<\/jats:named-content>\n NGR234, the tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n and\n engA<\/jats:italic>\n genes are located on the chromosome, in a 69-kb region designated the\n engA-<\/jats:italic>\n tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n -rmlC<\/jats:italic>\n region. This region includes\n bacA<\/jats:italic>\n , a gene that is important for intracellular survival during host-bacterium interactions for\n S. meliloti<\/jats:named-content>\n and the related alphaproteobacterium\n Brucella abortus<\/jats:named-content>\n . The\n engA-<\/jats:italic>\n tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n -rmlC<\/jats:italic>\n region lies between the\n kdgK<\/jats:italic>\n and\n dppF2<\/jats:italic>\n (NGR_c24410) genes on the\n S. fredii<\/jats:named-content>\n chromosome. Synteny analysis showed that\n kdgK<\/jats:italic>\n and\n dppF2<\/jats:italic>\n orthologues are adjacent to each other on the chromosomes of 15 sequenced strains of\n S. meliloti<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n Sinorhizobium medicae<\/jats:named-content>\n , whereas the 69-kb\n engA-<\/jats:italic>\n tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n -rmlC<\/jats:italic>\n region is present on the pSymB-equivalent megaplasmids. This and other evidence strongly suggests that the\n engA-<\/jats:italic>\n tRNA\n arg<\/jats:sup>\n -rmlC<\/jats:italic>\n region translocated from the chromosome to the progenitor of pSymB in an ancestor common to\n S. meliloti<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n S. medicae<\/jats:named-content>\n . To our knowledge, this work represents one of the first experimental demonstrations that essential genes are present on a megaplasmid.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01758-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,3]],"date-time":"2012-11-03T03:19:22Z","timestamp":1351912762000},"page":"202-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The tRNA\n arg<\/sup>\n Gene and\n engA<\/i>\n Are Essential Genes on the 1.7-Mb pSymB Megaplasmid of Sinorhizobium meliloti and Were Translocated Together from the Chromosome in an Ancestral Strain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"George","family":"diCenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislava","family":"Milunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiujun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turlough M.","family":"Finan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606924103","article-title":"Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 harbors a multi-replicon, 9.73-Mbp genome shaped for versatility","volume":"103","author":"Chain PS","year":"2006","unstructured":"ChainPS DenefVJ KonstantinidisKT VergezLM AgulloL ReyesgVL HauseriL CordovagM GomezgL GonzalezgM LandiM LaoaV LarimeriF LiPumajJJ MahenthiralingamkE MalfattiaSA MarxlCJ ParnellcJJ RamettecA RichardsonbP SeegergM SmithnD SpilkerjT SulcWJ TsoicTV UlrichoLE ZhulinoIB TiedjeJM. 2006. 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