{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:44:30Z","timestamp":1791139470212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>infects a wide range of warm-blooded land and marine vertebrates and causes brucellosis. Currently, there are nine recognized<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species based on host preferences and phenotypic differences. The availability of 10 different genomes consisting of two chromosomes and representing six of the species allowed for a detailed comparison among themselves and relatives in the order<jats:italic>Rhizobiales<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenomic analysis of ortholog families shows limited divergence but distinct radiations, producing four clades as follows:<jats:italic>Brucella abortus-Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis-Brucella canis, Brucella ovis<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Brucella ceti<\/jats:italic>. In addition,<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>phylogeny does not appear to reflect the phylogeny of<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species' preferred hosts. About 4.6% of protein-coding genes seem to be pseudogenes, which is a relatively large fraction. Only<jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>1330 appears to have an intact \u03b2-ketoadipate pathway, responsible for utilization of plant-derived compounds. In contrast, this pathway in the other species is highly pseudogenized and consistent with the \u201cdomino theory\u201d of gene death. There are distinct shared anomalous regions (SARs) found in both chromosomes as the result of horizontal gene transfer unique to<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>and not shared with its closest relative<jats:italic>Ochrobactrum<\/jats:italic>, a soil bacterium, suggesting their acquisition occurred in spite of a predominantly intracellular lifestyle. In particular, SAR 2-5 appears to have been acquired by<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>after it became intracellular. The SARs contain many genes, including those involved in O-polysaccharide synthesis and type IV secretion, which if mutated or absent significantly affect the ability of<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>to survive intracellularly in the infected host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01767-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,4]],"date-time":"2009-04-04T01:35:04Z","timestamp":1238808904000},"page":"3569-3579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Analysis of Ten<i>Brucella<\/i>Genomes Reveals Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer Despite a Preferred Intracellular Lifestyle"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Wattam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric E.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Nalvo F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"},{"name":"Departamento de Computacao e Estatistica\/Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maulik","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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M.","family":"Shallom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Ficht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77843-4467"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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