{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:05:00Z","timestamp":1791266700022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of Q fever, is strictly limited to colonization of a viable eukaryotic host cell. Following infection, the pathogen replicates exclusively in an acidified (pH 4.5 to 5) phagolysosome-like parasitophorous vacuole. Axenic (host cell free) buffers have been described that activate\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    metabolism in vitro, but metabolism is short-lived, with bacterial protein synthesis halting after a few hours. Here, we describe a complex axenic medium that supports sustained (&gt;24 h)\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    metabolic activity. As an initial step in medium development, several biological buffers (pH 4.5) were screened for\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    metabolic permissiveness. Based on [\n                    <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>\n                    S]Cys-Met incorporation,\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed optimal metabolic activity in citrate buffer. To compensate for\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    auxotrophies and other potential metabolic deficiencies, we developed a citrate buffer-based medium termed complex\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    medium (CCM) that contains a mixture of three complex nutrient sources (neopeptone, fetal bovine serum, and RPMI cell culture medium). Optimal\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    metabolism occurred in CCM with a high chloride concentration (140 mM) while the concentrations of sodium and potassium had little effect on metabolism. CCM supported prolonged de novo protein and ATP synthesis by\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (&gt;24 h). Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    morphological differentiation was induced in CCM as determined by the transition from small-cell variant to large-cell variant. The sustained in vitro metabolic activity of\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in CCM provides an important tool to investigate the physiology of this organism including developmental transitions and responses to antimicrobial factors associated with the host cell.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01911-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,29]],"date-time":"2008-02-29T21:36:47Z","timestamp":1204321007000},"page":"3203-3212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Sustained Axenic Metabolic Activity by the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Omsland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane C.","family":"Cockrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Section, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Heinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.3.1155-1162.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0206079","volume":"79","year":"2006","unstructured":"Appelberg, R. 2006. Macrophage nutriprive antimicrobial mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol. 79 : 1117-1128.","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-1-89","volume":"136","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chen, S. Y., M. Vodkin, H. A. Thompson, and J. C. Williams. 1990. Isolated Coxiella burnetii synthesizes DNA during acid activation in the absence of host cells. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 : 89-96.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.12.015","volume":"72","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cockrell, D. C., P. A. Beare, E. R. Fischer, D. Howe, and R. A. Heinzen. 2008. A method for purifying obligate intracellular Coxiella burnetii that employs digitonin lysis of host cells. J. Microbiol. Methods. 72 : 321-325.","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. 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