{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:32:48Z","timestamp":1791304368967,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]],"date-time":"2013-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in humans. The most common cause of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            -associated food poisoning is the consumption of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            vegetative cells followed by sporulation and production of enterotoxin in the gut. Despite the importance of spore formation in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenesis, the details of the regulation of sporulation have not yet been defined fully. In this study, microarray and bioinformatic analyses identified a candidate gene (the RNA regulator\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            ) for the repression of genes encoding positive regulators (Spo0A and sigma factors) of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            sporulation. A\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant constructed in the food poisoning strain SM101 had a much higher sporulation efficiency than that of the wild type. The transcription of\n            <jats:italic>sigE<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>sigF<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>sigK<\/jats:italic>\n            was strongly induced at 2.5 h of culture of the\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant. Moreover, the transcription of the enterotoxin gene was also strongly induced in the\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant. Western blotting confirmed that the levels of enterotoxin production were higher in the\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant than in the wild type. These observations indicated that the higher levels of sporulation and enterotoxin production in the\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant were specifically due to inactivation of the\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. Since\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            homologues were not found in any\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            species but were present in other clostridial species, our findings identify further differences in the regulation of sporulation between\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            and certain\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. The\n            <jats:italic>virX<\/jats:italic>\n            RNA regulator plays a key role in the drastic shift in lifestyle of the anaerobic flesh eater\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            between the vegetative state (for gas gangrene) and the sporulating state (for food poisoning).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.02152-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,13]],"date-time":"2013-04-13T03:17:47Z","timestamp":1365823067000},"page":"2931-2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Unique Regulatory Mechanism of Sporulation and Enterotoxin Production in Clostridium perfringens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Ohtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Paredes-Sabja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Kuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahfuzur R.","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01430-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.2.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers","author":"McClane BA","year":"2007","unstructured":"McClaneBA. 2007. 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