{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:17:52Z","timestamp":1790745472828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a spirochetal disease caused by at least 15 different\n Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n species. It is a serious human health concern in regions of endemicity throughout the world. Transmission to humans occurs through the bites of infected\n Ornithodoros<\/jats:named-content>\n ticks. In North America, the primary\n Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n species associated with human disease are\n B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n B. turicatae<\/jats:named-content>\n . Direct demonstration of the role of putative TBRF spirochete virulence factors in the disease process has been hindered by the lack of a genetic manipulation system and complete genome sequences. Expanding on recent developments in these areas, here we demonstrate the successful generation of a clone of\n B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n YOR that constitutively produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) (\n B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n YOR::\n kan gfp<\/jats:italic>\n ). This strain was generated through introduction of a\n kan-gfp<\/jats:italic>\n cassette into a noncoding region of the 200-kb\n B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n linear plasmid lp200. Genetic manipulation did not affect the growth rate or trigger the loss of native plasmids.\n B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n YOR::\n kan gfp<\/jats:italic>\n retained infectivity and elicited host seroconversion. Stable production of GFP was demonstrated both\n in vitro<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:named-content>\n . This study represents a significant step forward in the development of tools that can be employed to study the virulence mechanisms of TBRF spirochetes.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.05037-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,7]],"date-time":"2011-05-07T05:10:40Z","timestamp":1304745040000},"page":"3241-3245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genetic Transformation of the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia hermsii: Stable Integration and Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein from Linear Plasmid 200"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Lindy M.","family":"Fine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Earnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605302103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"A system for site-specific genetic manipulation of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii","volume":"431","author":"Battisti J. M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"BattistiJ. M. RaffelS. J. SchwanT. G.. 2008. A system for site-specific genetic manipulation of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii. Methods Mol. Biol. 431:69\u201384.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112406","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever: an interstate outbreak originating at Grand Canyon National Park","volume":"105","author":"Boyer K. M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"BoyerK. M.. 1977. Tick-borne relapsing fever: an interstate outbreak originating at Grand Canyon National Park. Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:469\u2013479.","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1149-1158.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"542","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever in Tanzania\u2014a forgotten problem?","volume":"69","author":"Cutler S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"CutlerS. TalbertA.. 2003. Tick-borne relapsing fever in Tanzania\u2014a forgotten problem? ASM News 69:542\u2013543.","journal-title":"ASM News"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05177.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1086\/514496","article-title":"A focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in southern Zaire","volume":"25","author":"Dupont H. T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"DupontH. T. La ScolaB. WilliamsR. RaoultD.. 1997. A focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in southern Zaire. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:139\u2013144.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.753","article-title":"The epidemiology of tick-borne relapsing fever in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Dworkin M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"DworkinM. ShoemakerP. FritzC. DowellM. AndersonD. E.Jr. 2002. The epidemiology of tick-borne relapsing fever in the United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66:753\u2013758.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07103.x","article-title":"Identification of residues within ligand-binding domain 1 (LBD1) of the Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required for function in the mammalian environment","volume":"76","author":"Earnhart C. G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"EarnhartC. G.. 2010. Identification of residues within ligand-binding domain 1 (LBD1) of the Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required for function in the mammalian environment. Mol. Microbiol. 76:393\u2013408.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.21.7390-7402.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"FelsenfeldO. 1971. Borrelia. Strains vectors human and animal borreliosis. Warren H. Green Inc. St. Louis MO."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1123-1128.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Relapsing fevers. A review","volume":"64","author":"Goubau P. F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"GoubauP. F. 1984. Relapsing fevers. A review. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 64:335\u2013364.","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. 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PLoS Genet. 4:e1000185.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.6.2611-2617.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3670-3677.2001","article-title":"Analysis of mechanisms associated with loss of infectivity of clonal populations of Borrelia burgdorferi B31MI","volume":"69","author":"McDowell J. V.","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDowellJ. V. SungS. Y. Labandeira-ReyM. SkareJ. T. MarconiR. T.. 2001. Analysis of mechanisms associated with loss of infectivity of clonal populations of Borrelia burgdorferi B31MI. Infect. Immun. 69:3670\u20133677.","journal-title":"Infect. 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T.. 1998. An interstate outbreak of tick-borne relapsing fever among vacationers at a rocky mountain cabin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 58:743\u2013747.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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