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Derepression is achieved by a multitude of mechanisms, many of which involve the binding of a protein to DNA at the repressed promoter in a manner that compromises the maintenance of the H-NS\u2013DNA nucleoprotein repression complex. The principal virulence gene promoters in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the cause of bacillary dysentery, are repressed by H-NS. VirB, a protein that closely resembles members of the ParB family of plasmid-partitioning proteins, derepresses the operons that encode the main structural components and the effector proteins of the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            type III secretion system. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that VirB has been co-opted into its current role as an H-NS antagonist in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            . To test this hypothesis, the potential for VirB to act as a positive regulator of\n            <jats:italic>proU<\/jats:italic>\n            , an operon that is repressed by H-NS, was assessed. Although VirB has no known relationship with the osmoregulated\n            <jats:italic>proU<\/jats:italic>\n            operon, it could relieve H-NS-mediated repression when the\n            <jats:italic>parS<\/jats:italic>\n            -like VirB binding site was placed appropriately upstream of the RpoD-dependent\n            <jats:italic>proU<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter. These results reveal the remarkable facility with which novel regulatory circuits can evolve, at least among those promoters that are repressed by H-NS.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.05557-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,27]],"date-time":"2011-08-27T02:55:26Z","timestamp":1314413726000},"page":"5950-5960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Rational Design of an Artificial Genetic Switch: Co-Option of the H-NS-Repressed\n            <i>proU<\/i>\n            Operon by the VirB Virulence Master Regulator"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00210.x","article-title":"A dual transcriptional activation system for the 230-kb plasmid genes coding for virulence-associated antigens of Shigella flexneri","volume":"3","author":"Adler B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"AdlerB.. 1989. 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