{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:53:06Z","timestamp":1791615186243,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]],"date-time":"2012-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We present the draft genome for the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            endosymbiont of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (REIS), a symbiont of the deer tick vector of Lyme disease in North America. Among\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species (\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            ), REIS has the largest genome sequenced to date (&gt;2 Mb) and contains 2,309 genes across the chromosome and four plasmids (pREIS1 to pREIS4). The most remarkable finding within the REIS genome is the extraordinary proliferation of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which contributes to a limited synteny with other\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            genomes. In particular, an integrative conjugative element named RAGE (for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Rickettsiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            amplified genetic element), previously identified in scrub typhus rickettsiae (\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) genomes, is present on both the REIS chromosome and plasmids. Unlike the pseudogene-laden RAGEs of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            , REIS encodes nine conserved RAGEs that include F-like type IV secretion systems similar to that of the\n            <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic>\n            genes encoded in the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Rickettsia bellii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">R. massiliae<\/jats:named-content>\n            genomes. An unparalleled abundance of encoded transposases (&gt;650) relative to genome size, together with the RAGEs and other MGEs, comprise \u223c35% of the total genome, making REIS one of the most plastic and repetitive bacterial genomes sequenced to date. We present evidence that conserved rickettsial genes associated with an intracellular lifestyle were acquired via MGEs, especially the RAGE, through a continuum of genomic invasions. Robust phylogeny estimation suggests REIS is ancestral to the virulent spotted fever group of rickettsiae. As REIS is not known to invade vertebrate cells and has no known pathogenic effects on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">I. scapularis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , its genome sequence provides insight on the origin of mechanisms of rickettsial pathogenicity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.06244-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,5]],"date-time":"2011-11-05T03:10:18Z","timestamp":1320462618000},"page":"376-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["A Rickettsia Genome Overrun by Mobile Genetic Elements Provides Insight into the Acquisition of Genes Characteristic of an Obligate Intracellular Lifestyle"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Joardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"},{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica B.","family":"Hostetler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), NIAID, NIH, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Nordberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maulik","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Walenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Vector Biology, and Public Health Extension, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishvanath M.","family":"Nene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Biotechnology Theme, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdu F.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno W.","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Caler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. 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